Translation Technique by Molina and Albir Essay Example for Free

Translation Technique by Molina and Albir Essay Cet article a pour objectif de cerner la notion de technique de traduction entendue comme un des instruments d’analyse textuelle qui permet d’etudier le fonctionnement de l’equivalence par rapport a l’original. Nous rappelons tout d’abord les differentes definitions et classifications qui ont ete proposees ainsi que les confusions terminologiques, conceptuelles et de classification qui en ont decoule. Nous donnons ensuite notre definition de la technique de traduction en la differenciant de la methode et de la strategie de traduction et proposons une approche dynamique et fonctionnelle de celleci. Pour terminer, nous definissons chacune des diverses techniques de traduction existantes et en presentons une nouvelle classification. Cette proposition a ete appliquee dans le cadre d’une recherche sur la traduction des elements culturels dans les traductions en arabe de Cent ans de solitude de Garcia Marquez. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is to clarify the notion of translation technique, understood as an instrument of textual analysis that, in combination with other instruments, allows us to study how translation equivalence works in relation to the original text. First, existing definitions and classifications of translation techniques are reviewed and terminological, conceptual and classification confusions are pointed out. Secondly, translation techniques are redefined, distinguishing them from translation method and translation strategies. The definition is dynamic and functional. Finally, we present a classification of translation techniques that has been tested in a study of the translation of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude by Garcia Marquez. MOTS-CLES/KEYWORDS translation technique, translation method, translation strategy, translation equivalence, functionalism 1. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES AS TOOL FOR ANALYSIS: THE EXISTING CONFUSIONS The categories used to analyze translations allow us to study the way translation works. These categories are related to text, context and process. Textual categories describe mechanisms of coherence, cohesion and thematic progression. Contextual categories introduce all the extra-textual elements related to the context of source text and translation production. Process categories are designed to answer two basic questions. Which option has the translator chosen to carry out the translation project, i. e. , which method has been chosen? How has the translator solved the problems that have emerged during the translation process, i. e. , which strategies have been chosen? However, research (or teaching) requirements may make it important to consider textual micro-units as well, that is to say, how the result of the translation Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 498 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 499 functions in relation to the corresponding unit in the source text. To do this we need translation techniques. We were made aware of this need in a study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude1. Textual and contextual categories were not sufficient to identify, classify and name the options chosen by the translators for each unit studied. We needed the category of translation techniques that allowed us to describe the actual steps taken by the translators in each textual micro-unit and obtain clear data about the general methodological option chosen. However, there is some disagreement amongst translation scholars about translation techniques. This disagreement is not only terminological but also conceptual. There is even a lack of consensus as to what name to give to call the categories, different labels are used (procedures, techniques, strategies) and sometimes they are confused with other concepts. Furthermore, different classifications have been proposed and the terms often overlap. This article presents the definition and classification of translation techniques that we used in our study of the treatment of cultural elements in Arabic translations of A Hundred Years of Solitude. We also present a critical review of earlier definitions and classifications of translation techniques. 2. THE DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CLASSIFYING TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 2. 1. Translation Technical Procedures in the Compared Stylistics. Vinay and Darbelnet’s pioneer work Stylistique comparee du francais et de l’anglais (SCFA) (1958) was the first classification of translation techniques that had a clear methodological purpose. The term they used was ‘procedes techniques de la traduction. ’ They defined seven basic procedures operating on three levels of style: lexis, distribution (morphology and syntax) and message. The procedures were classified as direct (or literal) or oblique, to coincide with their distinction between direct (or literal) and oblique translation. Literal translation occurs when there is an exact structural, lexical, even morphological equivalence between two languages. According to the authors, this is only possible when the two languages are very close to each other. The literal translation procedures are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Borrowing. A word taken directly from another language, e. g. , the English word bulldozer has been incorporated directly into other languages. Calque. A foreign word or phrase translated and incorporated into another language, e. g. , fin de semaine from the English weekend. Literal translation. Word for word translation, e. g. , The ink is on the table and L’encre est sur la table. Oblique translation occurs when word for word translation is impossible. The oblique translation procedures are: †¢ †¢ 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Transposition. A shift of word class, i. e. , verb for noun, noun for preposition e. g. , Expediteur and From. When there is a shift between two signifiers, it is called crossed transposition, e. g. , He limped across the street and Il a traverse la rue en boitant. Modulation. A shift in point of view. Whereas transposition is a shift between grammatical categories, modulation is a shift in cognitive categories. Vinay and Darbelnet 499 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 500 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 †¢ †¢ postulate eleven types of modulation: abstract for concrete, cause for effect, means for result, a part for the whole, geographical change, etc. , e. g. , the geographical modulation between encre de Chine and Indian ink. Intravaia and Scavee (1979) studied this procedure in depth and reached the conclusion that it is qualitatively different from the others and that the others can be included within it. Equivalence. This accounts for the same situation using a completely different phrase, e. g. , the translation of proverbs or idiomatic expressions like, Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles and Like a bull in a china shop. Adaptation. A shift in cultural environment, i. e. , to express the message using a different situation, e. g. cycling for the French, cricket for the English and baseball for the Americans. These seven basic procedures are complemented by other procedures. Except for the procedures of compensation and inversion, they are all classified as opposing pairs. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Compensation. An item of information, or a stylistic effect from the ST that cannot be reproduced in the same place in the TT is introduced elsewhere in the TT, e. g. , the French translation of I was seeking thee, Flathead. from the Jungle Book Kipling used the archaic thee, instead of you, to express respect, but none of the equivalent French pronoun forms (tu, te, toi) have an archaic equivalent, so the translator expressed the same feeling by using the vocative, O, in another part of the sentence: En verite, c’est bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate. Concentration vs. Dissolution. Concentration expresses a signified from the SL with fewer signifiers in the TL. Dissolution expresses a signified from the SL with more signifiers in the TL, e. g. , archery is a dissolution of the French tir a l’arc. Amplification vs. Economy. These procedures are similar to concentration and dissolution. Amplification occurs when the TL uses more signifiers to cover syntactic or lexical gaps. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, dissolution is a question of langue and adaptation of parole, e. g. , He talked himself out of a job and Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parle. The opposite procedure is economy, e. g., We’ll price ourselves out of the market and Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants. Reinforcement vs. Condensation. These are variations of amplification and economy that are characteristic of French and English, e. g. , English prepositions or conjunctions that need to be reinforced in French by a noun or a verb: To the station and Entree de la gare; Shall I phone for a cab? and Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? Mallblanc (1968) changed Vinay and Darbelnet’s reinforcement for over-characterization, because he found it was more appropriate for the traits of French and German. He pointed out that German prepositions, such as, in can be translated into French as dans le creux de, dans le fond de, or, dans le sein de. Explicitation vs. Implicitation. Explicitation is to introduce information from the ST that is implicit from the context or the situation, e. g. , to make explicit the patient’s sex when translating his patient into French. Implicitation is to allow the situation to indicate information that is explicit in the ST, e. g. , the meaning of sortez as go out or come out depends on the situation. Generalization vs. Particularization. Generalization is to translate a term for a more general one, whereas, particularization is the opposite, e. g. , the English translation of guichet, fenetre or devanture by window is a generalization. Inversion. This is to move a word or a phrase to another place in a sentence or a paragraph so that it reads naturally in the target language, e. g. , Pack separately †¦ for convenient inspection and Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part †¦. 500 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 501 Table 1 Vinay and Darbelnet’s translation procedures Borrowing Bulldozer (E) ? Bulldozer (F) Calque Fin de semaine (F) ? Week-end (E) Literal translation L’encre est sur la table (F) ? The ink is on the table (E) Transposition Defense de fumer (F) ? No smoking (E) Crossed transposition He limped across the street (E) ? Il a traverse la rue en boitant (F) Modulation Encre de Chien (F) ? Indian Ink (E) Equivalence Comme un chien dans un jeu de quilles (F) ? Like a bull in a china shop (E) Adaptation Cyclisme (F) ? Cricket (E) ? Baseball (U. S) Compensation I was seeking thee, Flathead (E) ? En verite, c’est bien toi que je cherche, O Tete-Plate (F) Dissolution Tir a l’arc (F) ? Archery (E) Concentration Archery (E) ? Tir a l’arc (F) Amplification He talked himself out of a job (E) ? Il a perdu sa chance pour avoir trop parle (F) Economy Nous ne pourrons plus vendre si nous sommes trop exigeants (F) ? We’ll price ourselves out of the market (E) Reinforcement Shall I phone for a cab? (E) ? Voulez-vous que je telephone pour faire venir une voiture? (F) Condensation Entree de la garde (F) ? To the station (E) Explicitation His patient (E) ? Son patient / Son patiente (F) Implicitation Go out/ Come out (E) ? Sortez (F) Generalization Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) ? Window (E) Particularization Window (E) ? Guichet, fenetre, devanture (F) Articularization. In all this immense variety of conditions,†¦ (E) ? Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions,†¦ (F) Juxtaposition Et cependant, malgre la diversite des conditions,†¦ (F) ? In all this immense variety of conditions,†¦ (E) Grammaticalization A man in a blue suit (E) ? Un homme vetu de blue (F) Lexicalization Un homme vetu de blue (F) ? A man in a blue suit (E) Inversion Pack separately [†¦] for convenient inspection (E) ? Pour faciliter la visite de la douane mettre a part [†¦] (F) 2. 2. The Bible translators From their study of biblical translation, Nida, Taber and Margot concentrate on questions related to cultural transfer. They propose several categories to be used 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 501 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 502 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 when no equivalence exists in the target language: adjustment techniques, essential distinction, explicative paraphrasing, redundancy and naturalization. 2. 2. 1. Techniques of adjustment Nida (1964) proposes three types: additions, subtractions and alterations. They are used: 1) to adjust the form of the message to the characteristics of the structure of the target language; 2) to produce semantically equivalent structures; 3) to generate appropriate stylistic equivalences; 4) to produce an equivalent communicative effect. †¢ †¢ †¢ Additions. Several of the SCFA procedures are included in this category. Nida lists different circumstances that might oblige a translator to make an addition: to clarify an elliptic expression, to avoid ambiguity in the target language, to change a grammatical category (this corresponds to SCFA’s transposition), to amplify implicit elements (this corresponds to SCFA’s explicitation), to add connectors (this corresponds to SCFA’s articulation required by characteristics of the TL, etc. ). Examples are as follows. When translating from St Paul’s Epistles, it is appropriate to add the verb write in several places, even though it is not in the source text; a literal translation of they tell him of her (Mark I:30) into Mazatec would have to be amplified to the people there told Jesus about the woman, otherwise, as this language makes no distinctions of number and gender of pronominal affixes it could have thirty-six different interpretations; He went up to Jerusalem. There he taught the people some languages require the equivalent of He went up to Jerusalem. Having arrived there, he taught the people. Subtractions. Nida lists four situations where the translator should use this procedure, in addition to when it is required by the TL: unnecessary repetition, specified references, conjunctions and adverbs. For example, the name of God appears thirty-two times in the thirty-one verses of Genesis. Nida suggests using pronouns or omitting God. Alterations. These changes have to be made because of incompatibilities between the two languages. There are three main types. 1) Changes due to problems caused by transliteration when a new word is introduced from the source language, e. g., the transliteration of Messiah in the Loma language, means death’s hand, so it was altered to Mezaya. 2) Changes due to structural differences between the two languages, e. g. , changes in word order, grammatical categories, etc. (similar to SCFA’s transposition). 3) Changes due to semantic misfits, especially with idiomatic expressions. One of the suggestions to solve this kind of problem is the use of a descriptive equivalent i. e. , a satisfactory equivalent for objects, events or attributes that do not have a standard term in the TL. It is used for objects that are unknown in the target culture (e. g., in Maya the house where the law was read for Synagogue) and for actions that do not have a lexical equivalent (e. g. , in Maya desire what another man has for covetousness, etc. ) Nida includes footnotes as another adjustment technique and points out that they have two main functions: 1) To correct linguistic and cultural differences, e. g. , to explain contradictory customs, to identify unknown geographical or physical items, to give equivalents for weights and measures, to explain word play, to add information about proper names, etc. ; 2) To add additional information about the historical and cultural context of the text in question. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 502 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 503 2. 2. 2. The essential differences Margot (1979) presents three criteria used to justify cultural adaptation. He refers to them as the essential differences. 1) 2) 3) Items that are unknown by the target culture. He suggests adding a classifier next to the word (as Nida does), e. g. , the city of Jerusalem or, by using a cultural equivalent (similar to the SCFA procedure of adaptation), e. g. , in Jesus’ parable (Matthew 7:16) to change grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles for other plants that are more common in the target culture. However, he warns the reader that this procedure is not always possible. Taber y Nida (1974) list five factors that have to be taken into account when it is used: a) the symbolic and theological importance of the item in question, b) its fequency of use in the Bible, c) its semantic relationship with other words, d) similarities of function and form between the two items, e) the reader’s emotional response. The historical framework. Here Margot proposes a linguistic rather than a cultural translation, on the grounds that historical events cannot be modified. Adaptation to the specific situation of the target audience. Margot maintains that the translator’s task is to translate and that it is up to preachers, commentarists and Bible study groups to adapt the biblical text to the specific situation of the target audience. He includes footnotes as an aid to cultural adaptation. 2. 2. 3. The explicative paraphrase Nida, Taber and Margot coincide in distinguishing between legitimate and illegitimate paraphrasing. The legitimate paraphrase is a lexical change that makes the TT longer than the ST but does not change the meaning (similar to the SCFA amplification / dissolution. The illegitimate paraphrase makes ST items explicit in the TT. Nida, Taber and Margot agree this is not the translator’s job as it may introduce subjectivity. 2. 2. 4. The concept of redundancy According to Margot (1979), redundancy tries to achieve symmetry between ST readers and TT readers. This is done either by adding information (grammatical, syntactic and stylistic elements, etc. ) when differences between the two languages and cultures make a similar reception impossible for the TT readers, or by suppressing information when ST elements are redundant for the TT readers, e. g. , the Hebrew expression, answering, said that is redundant in some other languages. This procedure is very close to SCFA’s implicitation / explicitation. 2. 2. 5. The concept of naturalization This concept was introduced by Nida (1964) after using the term natural to define dynamic equivalence (the closest natural equivalent to the source language message). Nida claims that naturalization can be achieved by taking into account: 1) the source language and culture understood as a whole; 2) the cultural context of the message; 3) the target audience. This procedure is very close to SCFA’s adaptation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 503 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 504 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 Table 2. The Bible translators’ proposals Classifier The city of Jerusalem Alteration Messiah (E) ? Mezaya (Loma) Cultural equivalent grapes / thorn bushes and figs / thistles ? other plants that are more common in the target culture Equivalent description Synagogue ? The house where the law was read (Maya) Footnotes 2. 3. Vazquez Ayora’s technical procedures Vazquez Ayora (1977) uses the term operative technical procedures, although he sometimes refers to them as the translation method. He combines the SCFA prescriptive approach with the Bible translators, descriptive approach and introduces some new procedures: †¢ †¢ Omission. This is to omit redundancy and repetition that is characteristic of the SL, e. g. , to translate The committee has failed to act by La comision no actuo, omitting the verb to fail and avoiding over-translation: La comision dejo de actuar. Desplacement and Inversion. Displacement corresponds to SCFA’s inversion, where two elements change position, e. g. , The phone rang and Sono el telefono. Table 3 Vazquez Ayora’s contribution Omission The committee has failed to act (E) ? La comision no actuo (Sp) Inversion The phone rang (E) ? Sono el telefono (Sp) 2. 4. Delisle’s contribution. Delisle (1993) introduces some variations to the SCFA procedures and maintains the term procedure for Vinay and Darbelnet’s proposals. However, for some other categories of his own, he introduces a different terminology, e. g. , translation strategies, translation errors, operations in the cognitive process of translating†¦ He lists several of these categories as contrasting pairs. In his review of Vinay and Darbelnet, he proposes simplifying the SCFA dichotomies of reinforcement/condensation and amplification/economy and he reduces them to a single pair, reinforcement/economy. Reinforcement is to use more words in the TT than the ST to express the same idea. He distinguishes three types of reinforcement: 1) dissolution; 2) explicitation (these two correspond to their SCFA homonyms); and 3) periphrasis (this corresponds to SCFA’s amplification). Economy is to use fewer words in the TT than the ST to express the same idea. He distinguishes three types of economy: 1) concentration; 2) implicitation (these two correspond to their SCFA homonyms and are in contrast to dissolution and explicitation); and concision (this corresponds to SCFA’s economy and is in contrast to periphrasis). 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 504. 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 505 The other categories Delisle introduces are: †¢ †¢ †¢ Addition vs. Omission. He defines them as unjustified periphrasis and concision and considers them to be translation errors. Addition is to introduce unjustified stylistic elements and information that are not in the ST, omission is the unjustifiable suppression of elements in the ST. Paraphrase. This is defined as excessive use of paraphrase that complicates the TT without stylistic or rhetorical justification. It is also classified as a translation error. Delisle’s paraphrase and addition coincide with Margot’s illegitimate paraphrase. Discursive creation. This is an operation in the cognitive process of translating by which a non-lexical equivalence is established that only works in context, e. g. , In the world of literature, ideas become cross-fertilized, the experience of others can be usefully employed to mutual benefit is translated into French as, Dans le domaine des lettres, le choc des idees se revele fecond; il devient possible de profiter de l’experience d’autrui. This concept is close to Nida’s alterations caused by semantic incompatibilities and transliteration. Table 4 Delisle’s contributions Dissolution Reinforcement Explicitation Periphrasis (+) Addition (–) Paraphrase (–) Concentration Economy Implicitation Concession (+) Discursive creation Omission (–) Ideas become cross-fertilized (E) ? Le choc des idees se revele fecond (F) 2. 5. Newmark’s procedures Newmark (1988) also uses the term procedures to classify the proposals made by the comparative linguists and by the Bible translators, as well as some of his own. These are: †¢ †¢ †¢ 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 Recognized translation. This is the the translation of a term that is already official or widely accepted, even though it may not be the most adequate, e. g., Gay-Lussac’s Volumengesetz der Gase and Law of combining volumes. Functional equivalent. This is to use a culturally neutral word and to add a specifying term, e. g. , baccalaureat = French secondary school leaving exam; Sejm = Polish parliament. It is very similar to Margot’s cultural equivalent, and in the SCFA terminology it would be an adaptation (secondary school leaving exam / parliament) with an explicitation (French/ Polish). Naturalization. Newmark’s definition is not the same as Nida’s. For Nida, it comes from transfer (SCFA’s borrowing) and consists of adapting a SL word to the phonetic and morphological norms of the TL, e.g. , the German word Performanz and the English performance. 505 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 506 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002. Translation label. This is a provisional translation, usually of a new term, and a literal translation could be acceptable, e. g. , Erbschaftssprache or langue d’heritage from the English heritage language. Newmark includes the option of solving a problem by combining two or more procedures (he called these solutions doubles, triples or quadruples). Newmark also adds synonymy as another category. Table 5 Newmark’s procedures Recognized translation Volumengesetz der Gase (G) ? Law of combining volumes (E). Functional equivalent Baccalaureat (F) ? Baccalaureat, secondary school leaving exam (E) Naturalization Performance (E) ? Performanz (G) Translation label Heritage language (E) ? Langue d’heritage (F) 3. CRITICAL REVIEW OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES As we have seen, there is no general agreement about this instrument of analysis and there is confusion about terminology, concepts and classification. The most serious confusions are the following. 3. 1. Terminological confusion and over-lapping terms Terminological diversity and the overlapping of terms make it difficult to use these terms and to be understood. The same concept is expressed with different names and the classifications vary, covering different areas of problems. In one classification one term may over-lap another in a different system of classification. The category itself is given different names, for example, Delisle uses procedure, translation strategy, etc. 3. 2. The confusion between translation process and translation result This confusion was established by Vinay y Darbelnet’s pioneer proposal, when they presented the procedures as a description of the ways open to the translator in the translation process. Nevertheless, the procedures, as they are presented in the SCFA do not refer to the process followed by the translator, but to the final result. The confusion has persisted and translation techniques have been confused with other translation categories: method and strategies. In some of the proposals there is a conceptual confusion between techniques and translation method. Vinay y Darbelnet introduced the confusion by dividing the procedures following the traditional methodological dichotomy between literal and free translation. As they worked with isolated units they did not distinguish between categories that affect the whole text and categories that refer to small units. Furthermore, the subtitle of their book, Methode de traduction, caused even more confusion. In our opinion (see 4. 1. ), a distinction should bemade between translation method, that is part of the process, a global choice that affects the whole translation, and translation techniques that describe the result and affect smaller sections of the translation. 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 506 11/21/02, 2:15 PM translation techniques revisited 507 The SCFA use of the term procedures created confusion wirh another category related to the process: translation strategies. Procedures are related to the distinction between declarative knowledge (what you know) and procedural or operative knowledge (know-how) (Anderson 1983). Procedures are an important part of procedural knowledge, they are related to knowing how to do something, the ability to organise actions to reach a specific goal (Pozo, Gonzalo and Postigo 1993). Procedures include the use of simple techniques and skills, as well as expert use of strategies (Pozo y Postigo 1993). Strategies are an essential element in problem solving. Therefore, in relation to solving translation problems, we think a distinction should be made between techniques and strategies. Techniques describe the result obtained and can be used to classify different types of translation solutions. Strategies are related to the mechanisms used by translators throughout the the whole translation process to find a solution to the problems they find. The technical procedures (the name itself is ambiguous) affect the results and not the process, so they should be distinguished from strategies. We propose they should be called translation techniques. 3. 3. The confusion between issues related to language pairs and text pairs Vinay y Darbelnet’s original proposal also led to a confusion between language problems and text problems. Their work was based on comparative linguistics and all the examples used to illustrate their procedures were decontextualized. In addition, because they gave a single translation for each linguistic item, the result was pairs of fixed equivalences. This led to a confusion between comparative linguistic phenomena (and the categories needed to analyse their similarities and differences) and phenomena related to translating texts (that need other categories). The use of translation techniques following the SCFA approach is limited to the classification of differences between language systems, not the textual solutions needed for translation. For example, SCFA’s borrowing, transposition and inversion, or, Vazquez Ayora’s omission, should not be considered as translation techniques. They are not a textual option open to the translator, but an obligation imposed by the characteristics of the language pair. 4. A DEFINITION OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES Our proposal is based on two premises: 1) the need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique; 2) the need for an dynamic and functional concept of translation techniques. 4. 1. The need to distinguish between method, strategy and technique We think that translation method, strategies and techniques are essentially different categories. (Hurtado 1996). 4. 1. 1. Translation method and translation techniques. Translation method refers to the way a particular translation process is carried out in terms of the translator’s objective, i. e. , a global option that affects the whole text. There are several translation methods that may be chosen, depending on the aim of 01. Meta 47/4. Partie 1 507 11/21/02, 2:15 PM 508 Meta, XLVII, 4, 2002 the translation: interpretative-communicative (translation of the sense), literal (linguistic transcodification), free (modification of semiotic and communicative categories) and philological (academic or critical translation) (see Hurtado Albir 1999: 32). Each solution the translator chooses when translating a text responds to the global option that affects the whole text (the translation method) and depends on the aim of the translation. The translation method affects the way micro-units of the text are translated: the translation techniques. Thus, we should distinguish between the method chosen by the translator, e. g. , literal or adaptation, that affects the whole text, and the translation techniques, e. g. , literal translation or adaptation, that affect microunits of the text. Logically, method and functions should function harmoniously in the text. For example, if the aim of a translation method is to produce a foreignising version, then borrowing will be one of the most frequently used translation techniques. (Cf. This has been shown in Molina (1998), where she analyses the three translations into Arabic of Garcia Marquez’s A Hundred Years of Solitude. Each translation had adopted a different translation method, and the techniques were studied in relation to the method chosen). 4. 1. 2. Translation strategy and translation techniques Whatever method is chosen, the translator may encounter problems in the translation process, either because of a particularly difficult unit, or because there may be a gap in the translator’s knowledge or skills. This is when translation strategies are activated. Strategies are the procedures (conscious or unconscious, verbal or nonverbal) used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind (Hurtado Albir 1996, 1999). Translators use strategies for comprehension (e. g. , distinguish main and secondary ideas, establish conceptual relationships, search for information) and for reformulation (e. g. , paraphrase, retranslate, say out loud, avoid words that are close to the original). Because strategies play an essential role in problem solving, they are a central part of the subcompetencies that make up translation competence. Strategies open the way to finding a suitable solution for a translation unit. The solution will be materialized by using a particular techniqu.

Culture Diversity Within Ryanair

Culture Diversity Within Ryanair Main purpose of this assignment to show the importance of Ryan air airline management and leadership across culture. In this assignment I am going to show the theories of leadership and motivation and different leadership styles across different culture and different motivation technique across different culture, motivate across a different culture , the theories of leadership and motivation, different leadership styles across different culture , Manage culture diversity within an organisation, theories relating managing culture diversity, different needs and expectations culturally diverse guests, techniques for managing and building team with a culture diverse workforce of Ryanair Please do not refer to first person (I) Introduction Ryanair is the worlds most wanted airline working near fifteen hundred flights per day from low cost directions across twenty eight countries, involving over 168 terminuses. It was set up in 1985 Ryanair has a team of more than 8,500 people and assumes to carry over 80 million travellers in the present economic time. Its head office is located at Dublin Airport with its primary operational bases at Dublin and London Stansted Airports. It is Europes largest low cost airline and one of the most commercial, In spite of the hard business environment in which Ryan air worked in both 2011 and 2012, the airline has been characterized by rapid expansion, a result of the deregulationof the aviation industry in Europe in 1997 and the success of its low-cost business model. It was one of the first independent airlines in Ireland. In 2001, many believed that Ryan air was like the Wal-Mart and Southwest Airlines of Europe Barret, S. D. (2004) Task 1 Chapter 1 Lead and motivate across a different culture All cultures have beliefs which are mutual for all people in that culture. Many beliefs have same values consequently there are some arguments that no need to learn Indian cultural beliefs and American cultural beliefs. Equally both countries hold morality as faith in their culture no need to check it people only need to understand how these values are bought out in toward life over activities, manners, beliefs . In the modern age of enterprise culture, aggressive competition and strategic leadership for effectiveness in the market, Ryanair has structured its leadership and business classic to report the subjects of organizes an commercial method to the management of organisations for a transformational method established upon achievement. For Ryanair, these issues discovery expression in low-cost and generic factors. Basically these factors are answerable for Ryanairs success occurrence. In catching this transformational, change-oriented quantity of Ryanair. A distressing business ideal tests the strategies used by the present well-established organisations in the market. Its main attention is on price understanding of customers. , noticing these things that Michael OLeary, the CEO of Ryanair has been at the centre of economy and low-cost revolt that has produced an detonation in the airline industry. Ryanairs leadership success is contingent on the economic condition in the United Kingdom i n the stir of the de ruling strategy that allowed new entrants into the aircraft industry thereby opening the rule that completed air manageable partial preserve of the rich class, and the inflexible commercial spirit that OLeary displays(Arredondo, P., 2011) Motivation is a massive matter. The base of motivation may change in people. In the determination location, many have self-confidence in that the side by side of agreement at work is a durable negotiator. It is true that people alter throughout their life. A person who once was motivated by change may or not like it any shorter. Though, the person who beloveds lifelessness may essential to involvement alteration to obtain almost different in their lives, fairly new than what they been doing for many, several years. 1.1 Theories of leadership and motivation (Ryanair ) Interest in leadership improved for the period of the early twentieth century. Early leadership theories motivated on abilities notable between leaders and followers, whereas following theories considered at other variables such as situational features and proficiency levels. Although many diverse leadership theories have occurred, maximum can be confidential 1. Contingency Theories: Contingency theories of leadership focus on certain variables associated to the atmosphere that might determine which particular style of leadership is best appropriate for the condition. According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all states. Success is determined by a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the followers and aspects of the situation. Contingency theory adopts no one accurate way to lead will fit all conditions. In this approach states that there is no perfect way to lead an establishment rather situations govern the way to lead at an assumed time. In addition, there is a serious correlation or affinity between situational and contingency theory of leadership. Both suggest that sets of structure to lead depend on the problem at hand. Contingency theory is a class of behavioural theory that claims that there is no best method to Ryanair or leads a government. Instead, the ideal progression of action is c ontingent on the internal and external factors or conditions. Thus, contingency approach to leadership pressures related factors as significant influence on leader success. Bass, B. M. (1985 4. Situational Theories: Situational theories recommend that leaders preference the best classification of attainment based upon situational variables. Different styles of leadership of Ryanair may be more appropriate for positive types of decision-making. That anxieties follower development, an extension, the point actuality strained is that there is a break from organizational model scientific management largely mistreated the impacts of the environmental factors as well as encouraged vertical management structure, a departure from flat management arrangement. Ryanairs contingency or situational leadership, the symbol is that it is based upon leader-match theory, Theories of Motivation Motivation is the different, internal method that strengthens, leads, and sustains behaviour. It is an individual strength that bases one to perform in a particular way .Most often, motivation is the term used to explain peoples behaviour. Effective directors are said to be highly encouraged. A team leader who eludes work is said to be unmotivated Equity Theory: Motivation theories can help directors understand how to motivate their staff. The equity theory of motivation is based on the fact that individuals are inspired first to achieve and then to preserve a sense of impartiality. Equity refers to the distribution of rewards in direct equality to the contribution of each employee to the organization (Ryan air). Everyone needs not to receive the same rewards, but the rewards should be in accordance with individual contributions. The idea of equity likes a development of an input-to-outcome ratio. Alavi, M (2000), Expectancy Theory: Expectancy theory, industrialized by Captor opportunity is a very difficult prototypical of incentive that is based on an uncertain assumption. According to expectancy theory, motivation is dependent on how much want something and on how likely to become it. Ryan air airline sales subjects managers who are applicants for advancement to one sales reservations managers job. Ryanair has had a very good sales year and always get good performance evaluations.D.R., 1997 Reinforcement Theory Reinforcement theory states that behavior that is pleased it is likely to be repeated, although behavior that has been criticized is less likely to remain. Ryan airs is a non-additional airline but it has a high business the assistant general Secretary Ryan air has a very suppressive government and they have very high staff income Ryan air and as result the company is recruiting now agreement labor from activities as far away .Pilots were lately told that in order to development from older airplanes to original aircraft 1.2 Different leadership styles across different culture Nowadays, people from different cultures and value systems are appointed by the business organizations across the world. Western leadership style is supplementary of a participative style somewhere the manager contains his team followers to a positive point in result making. But, in Asia the leadership style is a combination of autocratic and transactional leaderships. An effective leader who arrangements with another culture should recognize their work related social and cultural values to achieve business success. He should also have the ability to organize and main a workforce of diverse cultures. Mosakowski, E, (2000) The leadership style OLeary has started at Ryanair good deal form in a grouping of translation a movement from autocratic leadership to democratic one. Major styles of leadership democratic participative, autocratic repressive and laissez faire representative. OLeary has expanded the leadership base at the top organisation unit from. It is significant to communication that OLearys leadership style has to experience this evolution from 1988 till present in order to recover the then injured, unknown airline, Ryanair, from dripping cash and this essential aggressiveness, confidence, style of leadership that concluded in low cost and non-additional method. OLearys leadership structure as at when he joint Ryanair in 1988 as Tony Ryans particular enforcer to 1994 when he became the CEO of the airline and now has experienced distinction to ensemble different situations. Different leadership styles are desirable to manage with different situations the autocratic style marks logic when an ass ociation is in deep anxiety and needs to complete an express improvement that style would be counter productive when the association is in a growth situation Green, S. G. (2002 Ryanairs leadership style has developed the European air company industry has been unfavourably re-joined. Leadership change is primarily a function of leadership style. Also, it is doubtful from the analysis presented Ryanairs success story is blocked in its leadership style, which has observed a sort of evolution from autocratic to democratic. And the leadership theory that marks the possibility of this new organizational culture change is administered Therefore, even though OLearys leadership model has been successful, it is essentially contingent upon the deregulation strategy in place since its founding. In addition, in order to withstand this administrative success, Ryanair requirements to gain the opposition in the airline industry and alters itself for sustainability. 1.3 Different motivations across different culture Motivation has kept people in emergencies accepted during times. It has been the basis of improved principles of living, achievement, prosperity, and approval. Most leaders concluded olden days have used irregular systems of motivation. The same is accurate of successful managers. The role of motivation in the work environment has great value. Many readings have developed from one place to another various motivational techniques for leading employees towards desired goals. The success or failure of motivation time-outs not on the system itself but on managements capability to like the wants of people with appropriate rewards Objects are needs, which force people to move towards goals. Many theories of motivation have been established with the thoughtful of how workers performances can be strengthened confidently and how they can improve and focused to accomplish favourite ideas. Motivation training in diverse culture needs ID of the positive and negative culture based-factors. Grant, R.M. 2002, Contemporary concepts of culture Several organization examiners contributed to the opinion that perceives culture as- a mutual similar way of existence, calculating and doing which are ideas, shared by members of a cultural group. Culture involves of designs, clear and unspoken of and for behaviour acquired and conducted by signs, establishing the unique successes of human groups, including their expressions in objects; the important basic of culture involves of customs practices that only come into existence in relation to, and in contrast with, other cultural groups. Differences in cultural principles need additional skill when trying to motivate changes in Behaviour. Managers of Ryanair want to correctly understand the condition and strategy an approach that turns a persons morals and needs. The theory of motivation recommends that people are motivated to do belongings as of external honors. Humanistic Theory of Motivation: Humanistic theories of motivation are founded on the knowledge that people also have strong Perceptive clarifications to perform various actions. Once the minor level requests have been seen, the main motivator converts the requirement for the desire to fulfill ones specific possible Adapting to Environments Ryan air managers are said to be highly motivated. A team leader who circumvents work is said to be unenthusiastic. Many workers from the United Kingdom have port their occupations with Ryan air and as result the company is employing now contract labor from agencies. Pilots were newly told that in order to progress from older planes to newer aircraft, they would have to compensation for their own retraining. Politis, J. D. (2004 1.4 leadership strategies for an organization that operates across different culture Organizations are motivated by expert leadership to display them over unsurpassed modifications. Some of the best and most appreciated managements are weakening to adapt to change, implement their strategic plans successfully or prepare for a more indeterminate future. Many top directors complain the lack of leadership worktable strength in their companies and sensation what will happen every leader is conscious of the value of a precise business strategy. Without proper leadership, even the best and courageous strategies die on the plant, their probable never understood. The skill of an association to attain its areas does not be dependent completely on the strong point of will of an only great leader, even upon the efficiency of the organizations restraint of knowledge. A good leadership strategy takes all of these factors into explanation Politis, J. D. (2004 Strategic Leadership is a development, which certifications organisation to be active rather than reactive in shaping its own future. A concentrating organizational lead affords and launches unworkable leadership to Ryanair. A good organisational leader progresses a positive scheme to strategic management, where the management rather than just identifying and answering to alteration. The change in business environment unfair the strategy of Ryanair. New markets or introducing a new service and it also created sources of innovation like a change in market structure, Tie Leadership Development to Business Strategy. Leadership development should originate and end with the businesss strategy and objectives in mind. The respondents well-known that the establishment of an cohesive strategy and system for all managerial development was the leading significance of their learning and development establishments These results imitation an previous study as well Many corporate learning and development establishments The best businesses for leaders consistently execute on the strategies that make for good leadership development. They make enterprise wide standards, practices, and metrics for leadership;Martins, L.L. (1996) Organizational culture is the collective behavior of humans who are part of a society and the meanings that the people to their actions. Culture includes the organization values, visions, averages, working language attach, systems, symbols, principles. It is also the arrangement of such supportive behaviors and expectations that are taught to new executive members as a way of observing, and even thinking and sensation. Organizational culture moves the way people and collections interact with each other, with clients, and with sponsors Ryanair and Marketing Strategy Marketing strategy is very important in order to maintain modest advantage. It is important in order to maintain good relationship with the customers. This is mainly important in the service industry, as well as the hospitality and tourism sector. This is because of the fact that the entire industry is characterized by intensive competition, because of the growing number of competitors in the global market. In addition, the services actuality offered as well as the products being created are hard to differentiate, because the products and services to be offered towards the customers are practically the same Peterson, S. J. (2009) Ryanair were recognized by the Ryan family with an investment segment of a staff of 25. The company launched its first direction in July with daily flights which operate daily from Waterford in the southeast of Ireland to London Gatwick Ryanair is the worlds much-loved airline and works more than 1500 flights daily from 44 sources and more than 1100 low fare routes crossways more than 25 countries, which connect to over 160 terminuses. As a result, it is dynamic for company in this production the emergence of the Internet in the mid-1990s as well as the growth of Intranets and Extranets required airlines to progress their strategy on industrial innovations in order to increase their attractiveness. In addition, they progressively reinvented themselves to main technology suppliers for a wide range of tourism organisations including airlines, travel agencies and Internet travel portals. Cross-cultural understanding influences business relationships, and many training providers offer courses that outline the various basics of the cultural exchange and appropriate ways of doing business with abroad societies. Whilst this is highly applicable, it is valuable to specifically analyse the impact of cultural values on business performs in the tourism industry. Task 2 Chapter 2 Manage culture diversity within an organisation Diversity is much wider topic today Diversity is strangeness or those human capacities that are diverse from outside the sets, to which we belong, yet present in other individuals and groups. Its important to appreciate how these magnitudes affect presentation, inspiration, success, and interactions with others. Organized organizations and observes that have presented barriers to some dimensions of diversity should be examined, challenged, and removed.Diversity also incorporates a wide variety of other differences, including work experience, parental status, educational background, and managing diversity means more than simply observing legal and policy requirements. Managing diversity is defined as planning and executing administrative systems and performs to manage people so that the potential advantages of diversity are maximized Thomas, R.R., 1996 Managing Diversity. Managing diversity means identifying peoples alterations and make out these differences as valuable it improves good organization like Ryanair practices by stopping perception and promoting inclusiveness. Companies should completely redesign the working culture that make possible the scheming of a wide collection of posts that leads to give definition of how work gets done and how diverse markets are approached. All workforces should be held responsible for their performances and human resources results. Companies must create a post bureaucratic organization based upon trust and admiration in which diverse employees are valued and integrated into all aspects of the work. Diversity increases inspiration and innovation and advantages. Diversity helps administrations for inflowing the global arena. Diverse groups mark it possible to improve elasticity and fast reply to change. The cultural impact on management is exposed by humble ethics, attitudes, and beliefs of the people. Culture can mark skill allocation, managerial attitudes, managerial ideology and even government-business relationships. Hall, T. (2005 Managing Cultural Diversity: To manage successfully in a global diverse environment, that essential to identify the differences and learn to use them to improvement, reasonably simply allowing differences to cause difficulties somewhat directors should be skilled how to respect the differences at work and how to work with them to maximize the contribution of each employee, It is a global and diverse company, which works individuals of all confidences. To reproduce the protracted collection of principles followed by their employees they provide prayer facilities across the business and publish religious festivals information sheet on intranet site with the aim of raising awareness on the different cultures across the company. Some religions or beliefs have specific food needs. Ryanair provide a variety of dietary selections to confirm key rations are provided for and foods are considered. In addition, the Ryanair Uniform Committee has adapted the new uniform to ensure that it sustains the company image whilst allowing flexibility to meet key religious needs. Peterson, S. J. (2009) The Employment Equality (Age) Regulations have had a great impression through the Ryanair airline. Prior to the regulation, Ryanair ran attention assemblies to estimate workers views on the changes. There was an extensive choice of answers, maximum persons sensed that the age regulation was an optimistic period and that flexibility was the key to working for longer. Ryanair is working closely with the construction of Terminal 5 to confirm all phases of disability are protected. As a company they are dedicated to confirming that controlled employees can attain their full conceivable. Practical alterations are completed for employees if they are disabled to become disabled whilst working for Ryanair. They work in partnership with the Employers Setting on Disability. They also work with the Disability Rights Commission to support their disability strategy. Flexible working has become significant part of the technique they (Ryanair) work and represents part of a current change of attitude. Ryanair has introduced a number of elastic working enterprises that have progressive women who tend to undertake responsibility for most dependent care. One objective is to increase the focus on work-life balance to encourage women to return near work after maternity leave. It is a priority of our race equality strategy to listen to their ethnic minority employees. Ryanair encourage sharing ideas on how they can work on issues such as career progression, training and development, internal and external recruitment, harassment and bullying. Milliken, F.J.1996 2.1 Theories relating managing culture diversity Workforce diversity is a difficult work to achieve in an establishment. The organization of workforce diversity as a device to raise administrative success cannot be highlighted, especially with modern alterations wide crossways the world Workforce diversity is a main anxiety for maximise of the trades. Workforce diversity, incapacity, old age, human resource management, equal opportunity. The increased flexibility and contact of people from assorted circumstances as a result of better-quality economic and political systems and the acknowledgment of human rights has put most organizations under burden to hold diversity at the work place. The idea of diversity management of Ryanair increased kindness with globalisation and the requirement for more families to banquet globally to influence customers across the world. D.R., (1997) Managing diversity make a modest benefit to Ryanair. Possible benefits of this diversity contain well choices, more achievement in advertising to external and national cultural sectional groups, and an improved passage of economic chance culturally diverse groups comparative to similar groups are new active both in the contact method and work presentation these assistances arise after a diverse group has been together for old-fashioned. Ryanair succeed at diversity if the creativity to make, achieve and price the diverse workforce has the full sustenance of the highest management The organization must connect and worries for diversity to human resource management choices around staffing, group, project, sequence planning, presentation administration, and Managers must know their companys culture principal and then contrivance diversity plans allowing to that culture Diversity of Ryanair in administrations has its assistances but there are some disadvantages of workforce diversity. Some people feel helpless by working with people of a different age, sex, or culture. There is a rise in the cost of training. This increase originates from prices related with meetings, programs and addresses specified to encourage diversity in the company Theories of cultural values Mainly in the workplace, minions expect to be referred. In cultures with a high control distance, dissimilarity is more broadly recognised and power, which is thought by a marginal, is known by the needy majority of people. In a more manly culture leaders are expected to be critical and forceful and struggle is committed by aggressive Uncertainty deterrence rises to the vital for instructions and principles. Weak uncertainty avoidance comprises incentive by attainment and inspiration of inventive ideas and performance. Strong uncertainty escaping specifies a need for rules and some battle to state-of-the-art designs and behaviour. Motivation by safety is likely to be established in civilizations indicating strong uncertainty avoidance. Milliken, F.J.1996 2.2 Different needs and expectations culturally diverse guests Elastic working has becomean important part of the way Ryanair work and signifies part of an on-going change of attitude. There are clear benefits for passengers and for their business and they will continue to support flexible occupied solutions that are appropriate and meet our needs. They support a wide variety of elastic working possibilities that are aimed to meet different types of work. These solutions assist the employee to balance home and work life whilst contributing to the on-going changes wished by the organisation to assist cost reduction.Free and incapacity facilities governments essential to reflect the variety of their clients values, beliefs and cultural expectations. Religious practice Communal and debility facilities workers need to be watchful to the conceivable changes in sacred formal and the influence of a beings religious practice on their politics and value system. Central faith of Ryan air may admiration other beliefs as cults somewhat than official religions however people of any belief have a right to respect.Turner, J., 1985 Incapacity Ryan air needs to contemplate different cultural views of disability and look after of family members with incapacity, positioning the person before the disability, and facilities for people with a disability. Focus on the person, not the disability. Work performs may need to be modified to permit for dissimilar national views and conventions main contact and corporal exchange with the opposite gender. Culturally comprehensive practice It is impractical to assume public and disability services workforces at Ryan air to differentiate the cultural in a fast increasing and extremely modest global market, and in contradiction of the background of the current challenging economic climate, the pursuit of quality has become an organisational imperative for leisure industry trades. Different acuities of quality, yet, make its realisation more problematic, not least since of the very nature of the persons within the market the staff within vacation industry businesses and guests. Lawson, R., 2002 The relationship between cultural realization and superiority There is a correlation between the equal of national realization of the travel business and the following perception of product, service quality on the part of the tourist. Increased customer satisfaction is likely to follow as a result of improved staff cultural awareness and following development of ethnically appropriate products and services. It is significant for tourism businesses and purposes to take this into account in the provision of products and services. Cross-cultural understanding influences business relationships, and many training providers offer courses that outline the various basics of the cultural exchange and appropriate ways of doing business with abroad societies. Whilst this is highly applicable, it is valuable to specifically analyse the impact of cultural values on business performs in the tourism industry. Wendy. (2004, March Undoubtedly the tourism industry and culture are inextricably linked in that it is often the search for a cultural exchange that is an inherent part of the motivation for the tourist to travel. As already illustrated, to meet expectations there is a need for cultural awareness, both on the part of the individuals travelling and, equally importantly, tourism businesses. Customer loyalty is often affected by the perception of the level of service provision. Another aspect of culture is body language and whilst subtle, it is easily possible to offend through inappropriate gestures that demonstrate a lack of respect and subsequently undermine the business relationship. The National Centre for Languages stresses the requirement for cultural skills in business, specifically the tourism industry, indicating that cultural and language skills are beneficial for, amongst others, hotel reception, tourist attraction and restaurant staff, in welcoming guests, dealing with enquiries, taking bookings and guiding visitors. 2.3 Techniques for managing and building team with a culture diverse workforce Teambuilding Insignificant businesses depend on teamwork, objective as significant as their improved accompaniments. When a minor group of people starts employed to near common goals and making results that improve up to more than the amount of the portions, it becomes a team. Positive team employed gets consequences in all areas, including auctions, IT, problem solving and handling new projects. People work more effectively and their inspiration and loyalty to business are also increased. Starting and conference the team, important sides, Positive side assemblies, solving problems. Cultural Diversity in the Workplace, Paglis, L. L. (2002) gradually various incomplete work to the globalization of profitable, nationwide competence is conceivably the most leading ability for effective work presentation in this century. Social competence is the ability to collaborate successfully with persons from different beliefs. This capability of Ryanair is needy on awareness of ones own cultural worldview, information of worldviews, compliant to cultural variations, and multicultural services. Managing culture diverse workforce Developed cultural capability consequences in capability to appreciate, connect with, and efficiently cooperate with peoples crossways cultures, work with varying culture calendar Communication:Providing evidence precisely and punctually is dangerous to effective effort and team presentation.

Sophocles Antigone :: Sophocles Antigone

Sophocles' Antigone 1. - Clearly define by specific traits the character of Antigone and Creon. After her mother committed suicide, her father died and her brothers fought until they killed each other, Antigone projects her strong character with interesting ways of showing it. As the main character with strong values and a stubborn way, she follows the laws of god, without minding the consequences. Antigone is a strong willed woman who wins the respect of the audience by the inner strength and resistance of manipulation she has, showing the potential of human kind. She becomes a heroine with noble qualities of mind, heart and soul because she is willing to sacrifice her life, doing what she believes it is right. With a sense of family ties, she is an ideal for humanity, the issue is that she must burry her brother Polynices with an appropriate ceremony since she believes it is the last right for every human being. At first she tries to convince her sister Ismene to join her in her plans, but Ismene refuses, she is not willing to give up her life at all, when Antigone is not only risking her life but also her marriage with Haemon. When Antigone meets Creon she proves her strength and spiritual power. Some say she is not a saint but a martyr. She combats Creon with insolence towards the civil authority, following always the laws of heaven.

Aztec :: essays papers

Aztec The Aztec lived in the city of Tenochtitlan, which is a fertile basin about 50 miles long and as wide. Surrounded by mountain ranges and several volcanoes, the Aztec has abundant supply of water. With being 8000ft above sea level the day were mild and the nights are cold during much of the year. The Aztecs name means "heron people" their name is derived from the mythical homeland to the north called Azatlan. This in mind their language(Nahuatl) also belong to the linguistic family as the Soshonean, a tongue will represented among the Indians of the Untied States. In the Aztecs culture their main principal crop was maize. Maize was usually cooked with lime then ground to make dough, then patted into tortillas, other principal crops were beans, squash, tomatoes, cotton, chilies. The two crops maguey and agave were used as cord, sacks and sandals and a substitute for cotton in clothing. From the juice of the maguey was use in a mild form of alcohol called pulque, which was the ceremonia l drink. Only the old men of the committee was able to drink pulque freely, otherwise among the younger generation couldn't get drunk except at certain religious feast. Drunkenness was considered a serious offense even punishable by death. In the Aztecs culture there were clans, each clan there was tribes and each tribe was divided up. Then each family were allotted sufficient land for its maintenance, if no one else were alive in the family, then the land were reverted back to the tribe. Urban communities, the land were communal, each group called capulli was composed of a few families that jointly owned a piece of land. Then part of the yield was given to the state as a tax. Rest of yield would be either sold, traded or for their own use. There were two kinds of farmer, first there was the general field workers. They were in charge with preparing the soil, breaking up clods, hoeing(with the coa digging sticks), leveling, setting boundary markers, planting, irrigating, winnowing and storing grain. The second kind of farmer were the horticulturists their job was planting of trees, transplanting, crop sequences, rotations and a supervisory role, for they were expected to read the Tonalamatl almanacs to determine the time for planting and harvest. One of the unusual feature of the Aztec agriculture were the floating gardens. These gardens were built by digging ditches into squares or rectangle, then they would pile up mud on the area which the ditches enclosed.

Importance Of Effective Communication With Patients In A Healthcare Setting

IntroductionThis paper will address the importance of communicating effectively in a healthcare setting. It is extremely important that physicians and all medical staff communicate with patients. Communication is how medical staff, physicians and patients find out vital information.The medical staff learns information about the patient and the reason for the visit. The physician learns more about the patient through conversation and addresses the reason for the visit. The patient learns information about the issues that are going on with him or her and how to go about solving the issues.This can be considered a type of ongoing chain reaction. Everyone should communicate effectively with one another because without proper communication, we do not gain any knowledge. Healthcare facilities can use improvement in the communications area.There are ways to implement effective communication skills. Communication is a key factor in the healthcare field. Clinical or medical staff and physicia ns should communicate more effectively with patients. Having poor communication skills can cause serious issues between health care staff and providers.â€Å"Poor communication skills within a health care setting can result in misunderstanding and faulty decisions that could adversely affect a patient’s health and well-being† (Ponte 2011). Poor Communication [Communication failure is a huge contributor in clinical outcomes.A major part of information flow comes from communication between health care workers. Communication errors were found to be the main cause of hospital deaths. Communication infrastructure influences communication behavior within organizations.Interruptive communication is one of the negative behaviors observed in poor communication (Parker & Coiera 2000). Poor communication can be turned into a positive behavior by adopting steps to communicate more effectively.Poor communications can affect a patient’s health and well-being. Poor communicati on can also lead to provider and patient frustration. Having strong communication skills is a must for new practitioners. Written words are a source of poor communication. Getting help from mentors about how to be a good communicator would be a great idea (Ponte 2011).Keeping a patient from becoming frustrated with a physician or a medical staff member can be handled properly if everyone communicates effectively with one another. When explaining things to a patient, it is best to make sure the patient fully understands everything.There are additional steps one can take to help a patient understand and that could be as simple as giving out a brochure or pamphlet about the issue(s) or even giving the patient printed out documents that the patient can read. Also, addressing any questions and concerns the patient may have can be a type of effective communication.Patient satisfaction can go a long way and if the patient is satisfied then the chances of that patient returning is high. ] C ommunication Importance [The article from http://www. apa. org tells why it is so important for patients to communicate with physicians.Sometimes patients hold back from asking questions. Also, some feel intimidated so therefore they don’t really talk with the physician. Sharing information is an important component of health care. Research indicates that effective communication is tied to positive medical outcomes (Weir 2012).Some patients may be a little shy to talk with the physician about health concerns. If proper communication skills are used then the physician may be able to communicate with the patient to get him or her to open up and talk about the health problems.Gaining the sense of trust can help make a patient feel more comfortable. In order to determine what may be going on with your body you need to be able to communicate with the physician. The article from the Journal of the American Medical Association tells how some patients experience issues with physician s not listening because they are often too busy.Effective communication with patients can take time, but it also requires that physicians take the time to listen closely to each patient. Some medical schools and residency programs don’t provide enough education about effective communication skills.However, medical education on student and residency levels requires major efforts to enhance communication skills while in school. Even though science and technology has advanced over the past few decades the best medical care consists of knowledge in science and communication skills (Levinson & Pizzo 2011).Not only is communication important, listening is important as well. One must first listen in order to communicate effectively with a patient about any issues or concerns. â€Å"But the core skill of good communication is listening† (Handzo 2012).Some physicians do make you feel like they are rushing you to leave the office and some act like they are in a hurry for somethi ng more important. No one wants to go to a doctor's office or a hospital to receive care and feel like they were just there for nothing. Making a patient feel important and respected should be a priority.Listening and Understanding [Communication is key, but sometimes easier said than done. Using words that patients understand is a big deal. You want to make sure to use words a patient can understand so that they actually do fully understand what you are saying.Listening is a core skill for good communication, but good listening is about having a good understanding. Patients want to be listened to and most of all respected (Handzo 2012). Patients are more likely to understand their health problems if they can understand their doctors.A physician’s relationship with each patient is built on effective communication (Travaline, Ruchinskas, and D’Alonzo 2005). Verbal and nonverbal communication are both necessary in health care. A physician who can effectively communicate bad news with a patient in a compassionate manner will be able to improve and strengthen their patient-physician relationship.It is important for a physician to be able to communicate both positive and negative news with a patient (Travaline, Ruchinskas, and D’Alonzo 2005). Conclusion [In conclusion, communication is very important.Listening is also important because you must listen in order to communicate. In healthcare, communication plays a major role. Everyone, including medical staff, physicians and patients must communicate effectively with one another.Poor communication can create errors and misunderstanding. Having a good understanding about your health is important. If a patient does not fully understand something, there are ways to help them understand such giving the patient a pamphlet that covers more information about the issue(s) he or she is having. Effective communication can go a long way in the healthcare field.

Design and Implementation of a Network Based Security Information System

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NETWORK BASED SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover page Title page Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1. 1Security information 2. Objectives 3. Justification CHAPTER TWO 2. Security concept 2. 1Definition of security 2. Security threats 3. Security & Information CHAPTER THREE 3. Description of the exiting security information system 3. 1Organizational structure 2. Fact finding method 3. Objective of the existing system 4. Programs of the existing system 5. Equipment of the existing system 6. Forms CHAPTER FOUR 4.Design of the network-based security information system 4. 1Method of data collection 2. System design – input, processing, output, information storage and retrieval CHAPTER FIVE 5. Implementation of the new system 5. 1Choice of programming language 2. Program flowchart of security record system CHAPTER SIX 6. Output interpretation CHAPTER SEVEN 7. Conclusion 7. 1Recommendati on ABSTRACT The fundamental aim of this project is to emphasize how a system of information network aids the government and police administration in decision taking through a range of statistical data as collected and analyzed in an existing information system.It also airs the different machines used in information processing system to reduce the much-engaged manual efforts. The system design is also introduced where cone is taken in the planning system, which is very close to the manually processed method, but with serious optimization. The proposed system is a network based expert system. All the work in the system will at the end achieve: -Data security -Handling of files -Speedy collection of information for security analysis -Storage of information for subsequent usage. – A forecast for the future security A dependable standard for decision taking on security matters as well as planning and control measures. -Existing equipment for security information listed and known. CHAPTER ONE 1. INTRODUCTION Law enforcement administrations, Justice systems, legislators and the government functionaries often need information to efficiently disseminate and fulfill their official responsibilities of ensuring maximum security for their subjects. To achieve this, a system of information technology network is needed to aid the management in decision taking about the security of lives and properties.In this work â€Å"DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A NETWORK BASED SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM† I will take a case study of â€Å"B’ OPS COMMUNICATION OF POLICE SHQ ENUGU† as an existing information network system in the police and analyze their process of data collection and hence design a new system which will enhance the output. 1. 1OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of this program is strictly for the production of a reliable system of nation wide crime statistical information from all works and craning for administrative and operational use of th e executive and law enforcement management system.Another objective of this work is to make an improvement in the existing data security system. To create a way of speedy data collections for security analysis. For a network of information technology for security purpose and create a standard management information system forecasting for security together with good decision taking, planning and control programs. 2. JUSTIFICATION The process of executing the task of information management has been manually executed; quite unfortunately manual procedure reduces the output quality and consumed time.This work will examine a new system where th3e much needed human efforts are replaced with machines to achieve fast collection of data and easy processing to obtain healthy outputs. Also the need for information and data in the knowledge base doest not only answer to the problem of information over load but also helps in a state of crime statistics request, wherefore the computerization of s ome of this areas is very necessary because its importance in making crime investigators imbibe new and modernized methods and create public awareness of the society security policy. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW . SECURITY CONCEPT Security is defined in many ways due to the many contexts of its existence. In other words, security generally has to do with protection. It might be protection from undue access. Some attributes security to safe guiding from that, which may or may not lead to destruction. It might also be interesting to understand that security has to do with protection of the environment. It also has to do with valuables; this means that anything has to be secured must have value. Things of less importance to humanity and therefore anything that pose threat to life must also be prevented.Security is a very important issue in any organizations (system), no wonder VINCENT . E. ASOR in his seminar presentation at the Nigerian computer society’s conference of 2002 st ated that an organization with 98 percent security is actually 100 percent insecure. This means that adequate security must be in place for a smooth running of an organizational affair or a system. The police, who is the case study organization here defined security in the police training manual as the protection of lives and property coupled with the maintenance of law and order in a society. 2. 1SECURITY THREATSThey are criminal acts, which have a particular harmful effects on peoples lives and property and do more than interfere with merely private rights. They are simply crimes, Now the above brings us to the crime concept. What is crime? According to the BLACKSTONE, crime is violation of public rights and duties due to the whole community considered as a community. Williams defined crime as acts that is capable of being followed by a criminal proceedings having one of the types of outcome – Punishments. Also Hulsbury’s Law (adopted by the House of Lord’s in Board of Trade V.Ower 1957 as correct) defined crime as an unlawful act or default which is an offence against the public and render the person guilty of the act liable to legal punishment. The summary of the above crime definitions by the police manual defined crime as an unlawful act committed by a person or a group of persons. 2. CHARACTERISTICS OF SECURITY THREATS They are wrong doings which Judges have held, or the parliament has from time to time laid down which are sufficiently injurious to the public to warrant the application of a criminal procedure to deal with them, of course this does not enable us to recognize an act as a crime when we see one.Some acts are obviously harmful to the public that anyone would say they should be criminal and such acts almost certainly are, but there are many others about which opinions may differ widely. According to SIR CARLETON ALLEN, crime is crime because it consists of wrongdoings which directly and in serious degree threatens the sec urity or well being of the society. This explains why acts have to be made crimes either by judicial decisions or by legislation. A crime may remain a crime long after it has ceased to be a threat to the security or well being of the society.This ALLEN’S proposition tells us what (as he thinks) ought to be crime rather than what is crime. The public nature of crimes is evidenced by the contrast between the rulers of civil and criminal procedure. Any citizen can, as a general rule and in the absence of some provision to the contrary bring a criminal prosecution, whether or not he has suffered any special harm over and above other members of the public. As a member of the public he has an interest in the enforcement of the criminal law. 3. CLASSFICATION OF CRIMESThere is a problem that exist in the crime reporting system in Nigeria and especially the B’OPS COMMUNICATION OF THE POLICY, ENUGU STATE BRANCH in particular. This arises in the variations in definition of crimes among localities. This obstacle, as far as uniformity in definitions is concerned was removed by the adoption of a standard set of crime classification generally connotes its content. However in reading the explanation of each category, it is very important to keep in mind that because of the differences between the state codes, there is no possibility in a system such as ‘felony’ and ‘misdemeanor’.Crime classifications are in three categories. Viz crime against persons, crimes against property and crime of violence or crime against local acts. Crime against persons include: -Murder and non-negligent manslaughter -Aggravates assault forcible rape -Forcible rape -Robbery Crime against property includes: -Burglary -Arson -Stealing -Forgery and counterfeiting -Vandalism Crimes against local acts include; -Narcotic -Illegal possession, carrying of weapons -Prostitution and commercialized vice. 4. SECURITY AND INFORMATIONThere is no known security system that w orks without an information technology system. In fact security of a given society is to a high degree determined by the amount of information technology on ground. Thus it might interest one the to know that security are of differing contexts. An information system for a bankers dealing via an automatic teller machine differs from a network based information system for collecting, collating and analyzing statistical data for management use. There is also a system of inbuilt detectors in doors on entries to check explosives and metals.There is also a camera system on focus connected to a visual display unit for monitoring activities especially in banking halls and supermarkets. Hence information technology has a vital role to play in the task of ensuring maximum security. This work is based on an network based information system for collecting and collating as well as analyzing crime for the use of management at all levels of an organization in their task of decision taking, plannin g and control strategies based on security. CHAPTER THREE . DESCRIPTION OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM The existing system has been an almost manually operated system due to lack of sophisticated data processing machines that will by its efficiency replace the much engaged manual system in crime data analysis. The B’OPS COMMUNICATION of the Nigerian Police, Enugu State Branch, which is my case study organisation is changed with the responsibility of information management, processing and analysis. They are fond of information dissemination and collection of crime data.This crime information is being communicated to the police Administrations at all levels in all functions to enable them in their timely decision taking about the security of their jurisdictions for which they are responsible. EQUIPMENT:Irrespective of the lack of modern machines like computers, the B’OPS COMMUNITCATION SHQ ENUGU operates with some equipments and gates which includes -carrier wave radio sets (use d in receiving wireless telegraphy information). -Walkie talkies (used for timely interaction with men on duty). -Fax machines (for receiving documented information) Repeater set (enhances the reception of Transmitted messages) -Repeater station (enhances the signal strength of information at various stations) -Stand by Generator (used in cases of power failure) -Integration systems (for connecting different communication networks) FORMS:The organization makes use of three traditional forms for differing purpose. The form include the following: -Message form B1- Used for the reception and transmission of information. This is done manually by writing or talking with the recipient on the set. Signal register form B2 – This is the form used to register the particulars of all information received such that an observer can at one glance read the information. -Wireless operators LDG form B3 – This is a form used to write down events that took place at course of operation suc h as power outrage, atmospheric interference, Rainfall, thunders storm, generator braked down etc. that might interfere in operation. NATURE OF INFORMATION: B’OPS COMMUNICATION offices are situated at all police stations and jurisdictions with a divisional control link as data base management in SHQ Enugu known to them as control.The divisions are expected to constantly collect crime data around their jurisdiction and transmit some individually to the control who forms a statistical update of the information should be based on weekly, monthly and fairly bases as demanded by the administrators for security actions. 3. 1FACT FINDING METHOD The fact finding methods here can be classified into internal and external sources of data collection. -The internal source: This involves the use of information as recorded in the crime diary at police stations under different headings according to the crime distinctions within the specified period under investigation.Another source of inter nal information is the signal register-form B2. -The external source: This involves the use information facilities (like the Walkill talkie) to communicate the law enforcement officers in the society (on enforcement officers in the society (on operation). They mostly in this case communicate on events that need immediate intervention. Due to the fact that these events are legged down at each interval, the wireless operators log-form B3 is used as a medium whereby crime data can be collected. 2. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE The Nigerian police force is an organization known to exhibit hierarchy.For the above reason the B’OPS COMMUNICATION also fellow’s suit. The information flow is in a vertical dimension though there is horizontal flow at the operational levels. Information flow chart 3. THE INPUT, OUTPUT AND THE PROCESSING SYSTEM The process of executing this daily task of information dissemination and analysis though has some tools of automation is still lacking the basi c information technology (computer system) that will reduce or eliminate the much engaged manual system. The input method, which involves much writing, the processing which is also manual has to be automated. Examine the analysis in the diagram Below: . PROBLEMS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM There has not been enough information technology that will replace the much-engaged manual effort such as in the input and processing systems. There is no dependable storage system for information. Infor-tech facilities that can be used to store information and retrieve them when needed is necessary to be introduced in other to achieve the needed security of information. The process of dispatching the received information in the B’OPS COMMUNICATION, POLICE SHQ, ENUGU is purely manual thus this amounts to delay of information especially in cases of emergency.There is need to put adequate information technology in place to enhance the dispatch of this needed information and as well reduce human en gagement in this task. Mist of the wireless operators managing this information network are not properly trained especially in the area of operating modern information technology, therefore there is the need that expend in information management be trained properly in handling these modern tools. Barely all the form’s used in the existing system are traditional, there is the need to introduce the use of imaged form to enhance security of information and automation. . JUSTIFICATION OF THE NEW SYSTEM The new system to be introduced in this work will eliminate or reduce the much engaged manual effort, introduce the use of experts is the use of information technology, replace the use of old fashioned tools on use with modern information technology tools and crown it all the system will achieve. 1. Data security 2. Handling of files for easy assessment 3. Reduce of eliminate error of computation 4. Speedy collection of information for security analysis 5. Prompt supply of informat ion for use in timely decision taking hby the managers 6.Information storage for subsequent use. 7. Easy dispatch system 8. Forecast for security planning. CHAPTER FOUR 4. DESIGN OF THE NETWORK BASED SECURITY INFORMATION SYSTEM. SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT The whole system involves the application of the system approach to problem solving with computers. The ingredients and materials are system elements, processes and information technology network. It is actually a customized approach to the use of computers for data analysis, automation and information management.This is reduction of the entire system by studying the various operations performed and their relationships within the system and examination of a business activity with a view to identifying problem areas and recommending alternative solutions. Also, for security of critical facts and restrictions, the system operation can best be operated in an INTRANET environment. 4. 1METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION The fact-finding meth od here should be a situation whereby the information technology is engaged (ie computer), such that data can be Rayed in directly into the system. The forms in this case should be imaged forms and not usual traditional forms.The aggregate data collected and stored can and the different programs of computer. The network system is aimed at establishing information links between the various angles. 2. SYSTEM DESIGN Having studied and analyzed the manual processing operated by the B’ OPS CMMUNICATION of the Enugu State Police and the way it has been done; the proposed system design therefore enables one to achieve efficiency and effectiveness. In the system design, care is taken in the planning system very close to the manually processed method, but with serious optimization and automation.The proposed system is a computer based expert system. The system shall make use of expertise that has been gathered from skilled human resources about data management and information processi ng. All the work in the system will at the and achieve: Data security Handling of files or from. (the whole problem of missing file and statistics will be eliminated among the security circle). Reduce or Elimination the problems of computational error. Speedy collection of information Storage of information for subsequent or timely usage.Generally, the proposed system will help in the input, processing and output of information coupled with the storage which will be too cumbersome for individuals to handle in the manual system. During the process various crime facts will be collected within Enugu State as a jurisdiction under study. The data collected can be reported on daily, weekly , monthly or fairly bases as the case may be. The major crimes that were analyzed include: Armed robbery, murder, Burglary, House breaking, stealing, Kidnapping, child stealing, Arson, Rape and miscellaneous offence.The data collected will be arranged in a form to distinguish adult from juvenile crime s tatistics. 1. INPUT This system designed will create a situation where data will be keyed in directly into the computer the keyboard for immediate processing or storage. This expected to be carried out by a skilled expert in information technology management. 2. PROCESSING In this system the processing of data in order to achieve a pre-defined goal (information) is carried out electronically through some define instructions at a very fast pace (rate) with information technology tools (computes) which help; to improve efficiency and automation. . OUTPUT After actual processing is over the required information or output is generated and accessed by the user for importance. Thus an information is never confirmed until it is able to meet the need of the management which includes urgency, confidentiality and decision taking about the activities (here security) for which the activities are responsible. 4. INFORMATION STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL The computer network system have the advantage of providing a suitable information storage and retrieval system requiring data to be structured, tored and retrieved in a memory that suits the kind of data and information needs of the users at all the levels. CHAPTER FIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NEW SYSTEM CHOICE OF PROGRAMMEING LANGUAGE Among the existing high level and low-level programming languages, I choose QBASIC programming language considering a lot of factors and features in the structure of my work. First, I observed that QBASIC consist of features that will help the writer achieve the logistic needs of the project work in terms of access methods such as the RANDOM ACCESS of some parts of the work and the SEQUENTIAL ACCESS of some other parts of the programs.CHAPTER SIX OUTPUT INTERPRETATION This program is purely more of an interactive system. It consists of the main program which houses a lot of subprograms of several analysis. Before the min menu, is a software restriction called PASSWORD which must be obeyed before acces s to the main menu form the main menu is provided multiple options of the sub menus which now ask a series of question as the case may b. in the main menu, there are four sub-menus of four major modules, THE RECORD INPUT MODULE, FILE MAINTENANCE MODULE, REPORT GENERATION MODULES AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION MODULE THEN THE EXIT.The REPORT GENERATION module comprises of five sub menu called monthly reports and monthly statistics, annual report, annual statistics from the entire jurisdiction and a forecast report. This module gives the monthly and annual state of crimes from the various divisions for use. The forecast report is projected as a result of the report generation. The FILE MAINTENANCE module takes care of the necessary treatment and enhancement of the files in the program. It houses a lot of submenus for the operation. Also, in the program a provision and/or module is created to check and access the present state of the work.CONCLUSION This work is carefully researched and pr epared for the citizens who are interested in the general security picture of Enugu State, Nigeria. The volume trend and rate of crime related to current population is quite amazing. The crime index offence are grouped into three major categories and were extensively discussed to better describe the nature of these security threats. The objective of this work is achieved when managements at all levels and polices administrations can use the reports generated (information) in decision taking about the security situation of the state.An example of the use of crime statistics the baring of the high capacity motorcycle use within Enugu state in early 2004, this is following the high rate of Armed robbery perpetrated with such high capacity bikes. The work will also help to forecast the nature, trend and distribution of crime wave in the state thereby enabling the people concerned to reinforce for the combat. CHAPTER SEVEN RECOMMENDATION Based on the findings and relevance of this work t o the society. I simply and concisely made drawing from my own exceptional experience and the information obtained from the B’ OPS COMMUNICATION of Enugu State Police during the system study.The fruit and importance of this work is not valid for members of police force or the Administrations, but will prove to be a source of information and guidance to researchers with scientific or legal aspects of the foresenic work. The state B’ OPS COMMUNICATION should try to be computerized so that all their facts and data collection should be network based for adequate interactions, efficiency and stability. PROGRAM FLOWCHART OF CRIME RECORD SYSTEM PROGRAMMING Cls Finish $ = â€Å"N† Do while finish $ =†N† For J = 1 To 24 Locate J, I For I = 1 To 80 Print CHR $ (178): Next I Next J R = S : C = 20 For I = 1 To 31 Print CHR $ (219) Next IFor I = 0 To 8 Locate R + I, C-I : Print CHR $ (219) Locate R + I, C + 31: Print CHR $ (219) Next I Locate R + 1, C: Print â₠¬Å"***† Locate R + 3, C: Print â€Å"1, Record Input ***† Locate R + 4, C: Print â€Å"2, File Maintenance ***† Locate R + 5, C: Print â€Å"3, Report Generation & Printing† Locate R + 6, C: Print â€Å"4, Statistical Presentation† Locate R + 7, C: Print â€Å"5, Exit † Mychoice = 0 Do while mychoice < 1 or Mychoice > 5 Locate R + 10, C: Input â€Å"Your Choice Please (1-5):†, Mychoice Loop Select Crime Mychoice Crime 1 Call Recinput Crime 2 Call Filemain Crime 3 Call Reportgn Crime 5 Finish $ = â€Å"EN† End selectLoop Locate J, I For I = 1 To 80 Print CHR $ (178); Next I Next J R = 5 : C = 20 Locate R,C For I = 1 To 31 Print CHR $ (219); Next I For I = 0 To 10 Locate R + I, C-I : Print CHR $ (219); Locate R + I, C + 31: Print CHR $ (219) Next I Locate R + 1, C: Print â€Å"*Report Generation*† Locate R + 3, C: Print â€Å"1, Generate Monthly Report† Locate R + 4, C: Print â€Å"2, Generate Annual Report† L ocate R + 5, C: Print â€Å"3, Generate forecast Report† Locate R + 6, C: Print â€Å"4, Print Monthly Report† Locate R + 7, C: Print â€Å"5. Print Annual Report† Locate R + 8, C: Print â€Å"6. Print Forecast Report† Locate R + 9, C: Print â€Å"7. Exit †The Choice = 0 Do while the choice < 1 or the choice > 7 Locate R + 10, C: Input â€Å"Your Choice Please (1-7)†, the choice Loop Select Crime the choice Crime 1 Call Monthsta Crime 2 Call Annualst Crime 3 Call Forecast Crime 4 Call MonthRpt Crime 6 Call Forecarp Crime 7 Finished $ = â€Å"EN† End select Loop End Sub Sub Annual RP ‘Annual RP. BAS ‘ Annual Statistics Printing Program Dum M $ (28) Cls Open â€Å"I†, $ 1, â€Å"Annualst. FIL† Input $ 1, EN$ Close $ 1 Do Locate 10, 10: Input â€Å"Output To Screen or Printer (P or S):†;K$ K$ = U Crime$ (K$) Loop Until K$ = â€Å"P† or K$ = â€Å"S† Cls Open â€Å"I†, $ 1, â€Å"Annu alst. FIL† If K$ = â€Å"S† ThenPrint â€Å"B† OPS Police Communication† Print â€Å"Annual Crime Statistics Report† Print: Print â€Å"For The Year;†: EN$ Locate 5, 1 : Print â€Å"SN† Locate 5, 3 : Print â€Å"Offences† Locate 5, 32 : Print â€Å"Jan† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å"Feb† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Mar† Locate 5, 68 : Print â€Å"Apr† Locate 6, 30 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 36 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 42 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 48 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 54 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 60 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 66 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 72 : Print â€Å"F† R = 7 : I = 1 Do while not EOF (I) Input N1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 Input N1, M7, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14 Input #1, M15, M16, M17, M18, M19, M20, M21, M22Input #1, M23, M24, T Locate (R 8 + I), 1: Print C$ : Locate (R 8 + I), 3: Print F$ Locate (R 8 + I), 30 : Print M1 : Locate (R 8 + I), 36 : Print M2 Locate (R 8 + I), 42 : Print M3 : Locate (R 8 + I), 48 : Print M4 Locate (R 8 + I), 54 : Print M5 : Locate (R 8 + I), 60 : Print M6 Locate (R 8 + I), 66 : Print M7 : Locate (R 8 + I), 72 : Print M8 I = I + 1 Loop Close #1 Call Get Key Locate 5, 32 : Print â€Å"May† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å"Jun† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Jul† Locate 5, 68 : Print â€Å"Aug† R8 = 7 : I = 1 OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST . FIL† Do while not EOF (I) Input #1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6, M7Input #1, M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, M15, M16, M17 Input #1, M18, M19, M20, M21, M22, M23, M24, T Locate (R 8 + I), 30 : Print M9 : Locate (R 8 + I) 36 : Print M10 Locate (R 8 + I), 42 : Print M11 : Locate (R 8 + I), 48 : Print M12 Locate (R 8 + I), 54 : Print M13 : Locate (R 8 + I) 60 : Print M14 Locate (R 8 + I), 66 : Print M15 : Locate (R 8 + I) 72 : Print M16 I = J + 1 Loop Close #1 Call Get Key L ocate 5, 32 : Print â€Å"Sep† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å"Oct† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Nov† Locate 5, 68 : Print â€Å"Dec† R8 = 7 : I = 1 OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST . FIL† Do while not EOF (I) Input #1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6Input #1, M7,M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13, M14, M15 Input #1, M16, M17, M18, M19, M20, M21, M22, M23, Input #1, M24, T I = I + 1 Loop Close #1 Call Get Key Locate 5, 30 : Print â€Å"Total† R8 = 7 : I = 1 OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST . FIL† Do while not EOF (I) Input #1, EN$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 Input #1, M6, M7,M8, M9, M10, M11, M12, M13 Input #1, M14, M15, M16, M17, M18, M19, M20, M21 Input #1, M22, M23, M24, T Locate (R8 + I), 30 : Print T I = I + 1 Loop Close # 1 CALL GETKEY ELSE L Print â€Å"B’ OPS Police Communication† L Print â€Å"Annual Crime Statistics Report† L Print : L Print â€Å"For Each Division† EN$ L PrintL Print â€Å" SN† : Tab (3); â€Å"Offences†; Tab(31); â€Å"Jan†; Tab (39); â€Å"Feb† L Print Tab (47); â€Å"Mar†; Tab (55); â€Å"Apr†; Tab (63); â€Å"May†; L Print Tab (71); â€Å"Jun†; Tab (79); â€Å"Jul†; Tab (87); â€Å"Aug†; L Print Tab (95); â€Å"Sep† ; Tab (103); â€Å"Oct†; Tab (111); â€Å"Nov†; L Print Tab (119); â€Å"Dec†; Tab (127); â€Å"Total† Col 8 = 26 For I = 1 To 12 Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 L Print Tab (Col 8); â€Å"M†; Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 L Print Tab (Col 8); â€Å"F†; Next I Do While Not EOF (1) Cls OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST. FIL† Input #1, Y$ YY$ = STR$ (Val (Y$) + 1) OPEN â€Å"O†, #2, â€Å"FORECAST. FIL† OPEN â€Å"I†, #1, â€Å"ANNUALST. FIL† Do While Not EOF (1) Input #1, Y$, C$, F4, M(1), F(1), M(2), F(2), M(3), F(3)Input #1, M4, F(4), M5, F(5), M6, F(6), M7, F(7) Input #1, M(8), F(8), M(9), F(9), M(10), F(10), M(11), Input #1, M(12), F(12), Total My = O : SM2 = 0 : Sm3 =0: Sm4 = 0: Smy = 0: M2y = 0 Fy = O : Sf = 0 Sf2 = : Sf3 = 0: SF4 = : Sfy = 0 : F2y = 0 For I = 1 To 12 Sm = Sm + I : Sf = Sf + 1 My = My + m (I) : Fy = Fy + F (I) Sm2 = Sm2 + I ^ 2 : Sf2 = Sf2 + I ^ 2 Sm3 = Sm3 + I ^ 3 : Sf3 = Sf3 + I ^ 3 Sm4 = Sm4 + I ^ 4 : Sf4 = Sf4 + I ^ 4 Smy = Smy + I * m (I) : Sfy + I * F (I) M2y = M2y + I ^ 2 * M(I) : F2y = F2y + I ^ 2 * F (I) Next I ‘ Store Values For Males In The A – Array Ready ‘ For Gaussian EliminationA (1, 1) = 12 : A (1, 2) = Sm2 : A (1, 23) = Sm2 : B (1) = My A (2, 1) = Sm : A (2, 2) = Sm2 : A (2, 3) = Sm3 : B(2) = Smy A(3, 1) = Sm2 : A (3, 2) = Sm3 : A (3, 3) = Sm4 : B(3) = M2y Call Gauss (x1, x2, X3) ‘ Estimate the figures for males for the ‘next three months Fm1 = X1, + X2 * 13 + X3 * 13 ^ 2 Fm2 = X1 + X2 * 14 + X3 * 14 ^ 2 Fm3 = X1 + X2 * 15 + X3 * 15 ^ 2 ‘Store values for females in the A? Array ‘Ready for gaussian elim ination A (1, 1) = 12 : A(1, 2) = Sf : AC1, 3) = Sf2 : B(1) = Fy A(2,1 ) = Sf : A (2, 2) = Sf2 : A (2, 3) = Sf3 : B (2) = Sfy A (3, 1) = Sf2 : A (3, 2) = Sf3 : A (3, 3) = Sf4 : B(3) = F2y Call Guass (x1, X2, x3) Estimate the figures for females for the next ‘Three months Ff1 = x1 + x2 * 13 + x3 * 13 ^ 2 Ff2 = x1 + x2 * 14 + x3 * 14 ^ 2 Ff3 = x1 + x2 * 15 + x3 * 15 ^ 2 Print # 2, YY$, â€Å" † ; C$; â€Å" †; F$; â€Å" †; Fm1; â€Å" †; FF1 Print # 2, Fm2; FF2 T Loop Close # 1 End Sub Sub Forecarp ‘Forecarp . Bas ‘Forecast Figure Printing Program Dm M$ (9) Cls Open â€Å"1† , # 1, â€Å"Forecast . Fil† `Input # 1, YY$ Close #1 Do Locate 10, 10 : Input â€Å"Output to Screen (P or S) : â€Å" ; K$ K$ = U Crime $ (K$) Loop Until K$ = â€Å"P† Or K$ = â€Å"S† Cls Open â€Å"1† , #1, â€Å"Forecast. Fill† If K$ = ‘S† Then Print â€Å"B’ OPS Police Communication† Print : P rint â€Å"For The Year : YY$Locate 5, 1 : Print â€Å"SN† Locate 5, 3 : Print â€Å"Offences† Locate 5, 32 : Print â€Å" Jan† Locate 5, 44 : Print â€Å" Feb† Locate 5, 56 : Print â€Å"Mar† Locate 6, 30 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 36 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 42 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 48 : Print â€Å"F† Locate 6, 54 : Print â€Å"M† Locate 6, 60 : Print â€Å"F† R8 = 7 : I = 1 Do while not EOF (1) Input #1, YY$, C$, F$, M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6 Locate (R8 + I), 1 : Print C$ : Locate (R8 + I), 3 : Print F$ Locate (R8 + I), 30 : Print M1 : Locate (R8 + I) 36 : Print M2 Locate (R8 + I), 42 : Print M3 : Locate (R8 + I) 48 : Print M4 Locate (R8 + I), 54 : Print M5 : Locate (R8 + I) 60 : Print M6 I = I + 1Loop Close #1 Else L PRINT â€Å"B’ OPS POLICE COMMUNICATION† L Print : LPrint â€Å"For the Year : â€Å"; YY$ Lprint Lprint â€Å"SN†; TAB(3); â€Å"Oddwnxwa†; Tab(31); â⠂¬Å"Jan†; Tab(39); â€Å"Feb† Lprint Tab (47); â€Å"Mar† Col 8 = 26 For I = 1 To 3 Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 Lprint Tab (Col 8); â€Å"M†; Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 Lprint Tab (Col 8); â€Å"F†; Next I Do While Not EOF (1) For I = 1 To 9 Input #1, M$ (I) Next I Lprint M$ (2); Tab(3); M$(3); Col 8 = 26 Total = 0 For I = 4 To 8 Step 2 Col 8 = Col 8 + 4 LPrint Tab (Col 8); M$ (I + 1); Total = Total + Val (M$ (I)) + Val (M$ (I + 1)) Next I L Print Tab (60) : Total Loop End ifClose #1 YY$ = Input $ (1) End Sub SUB GET KEY Locate 24, 10 : Print â€Å"Press Any Key To Continue† Do A$ = INKEY$ Loop Until A$ < > â€Å" † END SUB ———————– FORCE COMMUNICATION STATE COMMUNICATION DIVISIONAL COMMUNICATION Cls Screen 9,0,0 color 3 Finish $ = â€Å"N† Dowhile finish $ = â€Å"N† For J = 1 To 24 Locate J, 1 For I = 1 To 80 Print Chr $ (178) Next I: Next J Locate R + 1, C:? â€Å"Main Menu† Locate R + 2, C:? â€Å"1. Record Input† Locate R + 3, C:? â€Å"2. File Maintenance† Locate R + 4, C:? â€Å"3. Report generation and Printing† Locate R + 5, C:? â€Å"4. Statistical Presentation†Locate R + 6, C:? â€Å"5. Exit† MYCHOICE = 0 DO WHILE MYCHOICE < 1 OR MYCHOICE > 5 LOCATE R + 10, C:INPUT â€Å"YOUR CHOICE PLEASE (1-5):† MYCHOICE LOOP IF SELECT CRIME MYCHOICE CRIME 1 CRIME 2 CRIME 3 CRIME 4 CRIME 5 Finish $ = â€Å"Y† End selected Locate 24, 10 Print â€Å"Press Any key To† â€Å"Continue† Do A $ = In keys Loop until A$ â€Å" â€Å" END SUB EXIT CRIME 1 SUB REC INPUT ASSIGNMENT BOX IF PRINT = â€Å"KEY† â€Å"Murder† â€Å"Suicide† â€Å"Wounding† â€Å"Assault† â€Å"Kidnapping† â€Å"Rape† â€Å"Armed Robbery† â€Å"Stealing† â€Å"Burglary† â€Å"Arson† â€Å"Narcotics† â€Å"Traffic Offeence† House Breaking â €Å"Store Breaking† Miscellaneous† STOP CRIME2 SUB FILEMAIN ASSIGNMENT BOX IF MAIN = â€Å"y† DISPLAY RECORD DELETE RECORD REMOVE DELETE RECORD EDIT RECORD EDIT RECORD EXIT STOP CRIME 3 SUB REPORT GN ASSIGNMENT BOX IF MAIN T$ = â€Å"y† Generate Monthly Report EXIT Generate Annual Report Generate Fore Cast Report Print Monthly Report Print Annual Report Print Annual Report IF EN =3 FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL CRIME 4 SUB ANNUALST INPUT â€Å"DIV†; EN IF EN =2 IF EN =1 JAN JAN FEB FEB MAR MART APR APR MAY MAY JUN JUN JUL JUL AUG AUG AUG SEP SEP SEP JAN STOP OCT OCT OCT NOV NOV NOV DEC DEC DEC STOP STOP