How to Get Copies of US Naturalization and Citizenship Records

U.S. naturalization records document the process whereby an individual born in another country (an alien)  is granted citizenship in the United States. Although the details and requirements have changed over the years, the naturalization process generally consists of three major steps: 1) the filing of a declaration of intent or first papers, and 2) the petition for naturalization or second papers or final papers, and 3) the granting of citizenship or certificate of naturalization. Location:  Naturalization records are available for all U.S. states and territories. Time Period:  March 1790 to the present What Can I Learn From Naturalization Records? The Naturalization Act of 1906 required naturalization courts to begin using standard naturalization forms for the first time and the newly created  Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization  to begin keeping duplicate copies of all naturalization records. Post-1906 naturalization records are generally the most useful for genealogists. Prior to 1906, naturalization documents were not standardized and the earliest naturalization records often include little information beyond the individuals name, location, arrival year, and country of origin. U.S. Naturalization Records from 27 September 1906 - 31 March 1956:Beginning 27 September 1906, naturalization courts across the U.S. were required to forward duplicate copies of Declarations of Intention, Petitions for Naturalization, and Certificates of Naturalization to the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in Washington, D.C. Between 27 September 1906 and 31 March 1956, the Federal Naturalization Service filed these copies together in packets known as C-Files. Information that you might expect to find in post-1906 U.S. C-Files includes: name of applicantcurrent addressoccupationbirthplace or nationalitybirth date or agemarital statusname, age, and birthplace of spousenames, ages, and birthplaces of childrendate and port of emigration (departure)date and port of immigration (arrival)name of ship or mode of entrytown or court where the naturalization occurrednames, addresses, and occupations of witnessesphysical description and photo of immigrantimmigrants signatureadditional documentation such as evidence of a name change Pre-1906 U.S. Naturalization RecordsPrior to 1906, any court of record—municipal, county, district, state, or Federal court—could grant U.S. citizenship. Information  included on pre-1906 naturalization records varies widely from state to state since no federal standards existed at the time. Most pre-1906 US naturalization records document at least the immigrants name, country of origin, arrival date, and port of arrival. ** See U.S. Naturalization Citizenship Records for an in-depth tutorial on the naturalization process in the United States, including the types of records which were generated, and exceptions to the naturalization rule for married women and minor children. Where Can I Find Naturalization Records? Depending upon the location and time period of the naturalization, naturalization records may be located at the local or county court, in a state or regional archives facility, at the National Archives, or through U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. Some naturalization indexes and digitized copies of original naturalization records are available online.

Domestic Violence Perpetrator Intervention - 1786 Words

I. Introduction theoretical perspective Domestic violence (DV) is a social problem that plagues the United States (US). Although both men and women experience abuse, each year, approximately five million women experience some form of intimate partner violence (IPV) (Griffin-Burke, Mahoney, Gielen, McDonnell, OCampo, 2009). Furthermore, IPV crosses all socioeconomic positions and is associated with factors such as, alcohol and drug dependence, mental health, and environmental stressors. The relationship between the individual and the environment, that is, how they mutually influence each other, determines an outcome (Green McDermott, 2010). In other words, one can be a chief financial officer for a billion dollar company or a†¦show more content†¦The perpetrator may â€Å"truly† believe that he is not equipped with the tools to survive in the world absent his partner. This holds true with respect to Bowlby’s theory of attachment, which suggests, the attached figure looks to a more secured figur e to guide them through the perils of life, and, when the secure figure is no longer available the insecure figure suffers significantly in the social environment (Bacon Richardson, 2001). By the victim of DV telling the insecure attached individual that she is ending the relationship, based on the theories of social cultural learning, self-concept, and attachment, the insecure attached figure might become extremely physically violent, thus demonstrating the learned behaviors that he learned as a child and possibly validating the inclination of a low self-concept. Lastly, as mentioned above, cognitive behavioral therapy involves the restructuring and reframing of distorted thoughts with positive thoughts that are conducive to an individual’s well-being (Beck, 2011; Greene Roberts, 2002; Cohen, Mannarino, Berliner, Deblinger, 2000). Although there are many techniques to CBT such as, rehearsal, modeling, and coaching, CBT is useful for issues of anger management, social problem solving and social skills training. Drawing on the many techniques of CBT, this paper provides a logic model that details the intervention processes and evaluation plan with an ultimate goal of improving the quality of lifeShow MoreRelatedCommunity Counseling Resources Essay727 Words   |  3 Pages In this paper will analyze primary, secondary, and tertiary couple and family interventions provided by community resources. In this paper will provide a community resource that works with issues of domestic violence and the primary, secondary, and tertiary interventions that the resource provides. A further analysis will be provided on any gaps that may exist in the interventions and an explanation of how to address those gaps. . According to (Wolfe, 2011), prevention effortsRead MoreThe Postmodern Theory Of Narrative Therapy Interventions1594 Words   |  7 Pages(Chang Nylund, 2013). Thus, postmodernism hypothesizing that since reality can be constructed by society, it can also be reconstructed or reframed using language. A major interventions that does this within postmodernism is narrative therapy approach, which can help address domestic violence. In narrative therapy interventions, clients are asked organize their experiences in narrative that puts them as the protagonist of their own story (Dybicz, 2012). By doing this the individual is able to externalizeRead MoreIs The Duluth Method Of Bipp An Effective Treatment Program For Latinos?1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Problem Intimate partner violence or domestic violence is not only a physical incident between a couple. Domestic Violence encompasses physical, sexual, emotional, economic, and psychological forms taken by a perpetrator against the victim. In Texas 77% of all Hispanic have either themselves or know someone who has experienced some form of domestic violence and 64% of all Hispanic have reported having personally experienced at least one form of domestic violence in their lifetime. This is a 16%Read MoreDomestic Violence Should Not Be A Private Matter1478 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic violence is not always reported and therefore it is difficult to establish precise statistics for its occurrence, however, it is estimated that around sixteen percent of all violent crime is represented by domestic violence. Most of the perpetrators are male and most of the victims are female (approximately 77 percent). However, domestic violence is not a new problem, it has always existed, but before, it was kept completely in the private sphere. As women have become more independent andRead MorePrimary, Secondary, and Tertiary Nursing Care for Domestic Violence1427 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Nursing Interventions to Combating Domestic Violence Domestic Violence: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Nursing Interventions Jason Holt, RN Grand Canyon University NRS429V Diana Anderson, RN, MSNEd, CMSRN August 27, 2010 Domestic Violence: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Nursing Interventions Approximately 2 million American women are assaulted each year at the hands of their intimate partner and an estimated 1,200 are murdered as a result of intimate partner abuse (BlackRead MoreDove Hawke s Bay : The Domestic Violence Intervention And Education Project Essay1589 Words   |  7 PagesDOVE Hawke’s Bay The Domestic Violence Intervention and Education Project (DOVE) Hawkes Bay was established on 19 August 1993 (Maxwell, Anderson, Olsen, 2001). According to M. Byford (personal communication, July 27, 2016), the organisation was developed from a community initiative by Men Against Violence, counsellors, police, Women’s Refuge, Community Corrections and the Family Court. During this time, many laws and support services were being created to stop domestic violence incidences, howeverRead MoreClient Oriented Research Question : Why Male Perpetrators Of Domestic Violence Are Entered Into Diversion Programs2530 Words   |  11 PagesClient Oriented Research Question If male perpetrators of domestic violence are entered into diversion programs or given jail time (no treatment), which will result in a reduction of recidivism? Search Process The first step in generating research related to a client oriented research question is to begin searching for articles related to a client oriented research question that will help logically answer or provide evidence directed towards a research question. The search process strategy I usedRead MoreSelf Reported Rates Of Screening For Domestic Violence Essay1222 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-reported rates of screening for domestic violence are low even among women at higher risk of abuse. Klap, Trang, Wells, Starks and Rodrà ­guez (2007), examined 4,821 women over the age of 18 from the second wave of Healthcare communities, a nationally representative household telephone survey conducted in 2000-2001. The study provides nationally representative estimates of lifetime Self-reported domestic violence screening in health care settings for United States Women, described the characteristicsRead MoreTask And Activities Essay910 Words   |  4 Pagesprocedures and legislative actions that focus on the safety needs of victims; †¢ Policies that reduce homicides and serious assault; †¢ Focus on the safety needs of victims which include notifying the victim when the perpetrator is released from incarceration and/or a change in the perpetrators status; †¢ Develop polices and responses for victims of stalking; †¢ Response to victims of trafficking, and; †¢ Court ordered relinquishment of firearms. 6. Technology and Information. Awards in this priority areaRead MoreDomestic Violence Is Now Broadly Defined As All Acts Of1586 Words   |  7 Pages Domestic violence is now broadly defined as all acts of physical, sexual, psychological and economic violence committed by a family member or intimate partner. It has to do with a pattern of power and control exerted by partner or family member upon another. The constancy and severity of the abuse can vary however, it always has a negative impact on the relationship. The devastating impact can last for a long time crossing generations or a lifetime. The battered women movement goal was to see

Deciphering Your Company s Culture - 1643 Words

Deciphering Your Company’s Culture I believe deciphering an organizations culture begins by identifying the values and beliefs of the person who is in charge. Leaders are responsible for setting the culture within their organization, creating an environment that is conducive to producing positive results. The most successful organizations have leaders that have the ability to communicate and implement the values of their organization in a way that is clearly understood and adoptable by all parties involved. The culture that is created within an organization is a direct correlation of the way employees, prospective employees and customers see an organization. The culture of an organization is essentially a major aspect in defining brand of that organization. The brand that a company creates determines who that company will attract and how people will interact with that company. The organization that I have the privilege of working for is American International College. I have c hosen to focus specifically on the aspect of the organization I work directly with, athletics specially football. I am currently a Graduate Assistant football coach for the American International College football team coaching running backs. Throughout my time working with the American International College football team, I have picked up on some key values, beliefs and attitudes of the football program through observation and firsthand experience. The value that stood out to me most about theShow MoreRelatedEthics And The Code Of Ethics1455 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Practices There are many questions about people’s ethics and how they practice it by deciphering between what is right and what is wrong. How we think and behave towards others and how others think and behave towards us is how people live their lives. Doing what is right and personal integrity is two different features of ethics. In a business world, the Code of ethics is â€Å"a company’s written standards of ethical behavior that are designed to guide managers and employees in making theRead MoreTo Rap Or Not To Rap Essay1087 Words   |  5 Pagesmainstream station and they to can get taste of the carnage. Rap and hip-hop are two of many genres that get a lot of attention for their violence, drug use, and degrading sexism towards women. Hip-hop started to gain a lot of attention in the 80’s to convey equality against racism. People thought that hip-hop was just a phase, and that no one would care about it after a while. However, the rhyming versus caught on and started a new breed of music called rap. â€Å"†¦Rap has a corrupting influenceRead MoreSocial Media s Effect On Society1757 Words   |  8 Pageslikes on a profile photo. This enticed them so much that they were willing to take advice from her just to get the amount of likes they would receive anywhere near that amount. What I found interesting about the social media documentary is that companies are beginning to use followers and likes to advertise to the community. So it comes out in a weird way of people by different means advertising and appealing to themselves. In a way likes, follows, and retweets are forms of social acceptance fromRead MoreEssay on Active Leadership2579 Words   |  11 Pagesleadership skills are very important however active listening confirms that the message is truly transmitted strengthening the total leadership concept. According to Colwell, active listening is not just listening with your ears, we must look at the sender to absorb there words while deciphering in our minds what is truly be said. The understanding of active listening opens people’s eyes in seeing actually how a person sees and feels about the world. Further examining great leaders, caring leaders knowRead MoreMisconceptions of Rastafarianism2637 Words   |  11 Pagessmoking of ganja (mariju ana), the busy streets of Trenchtown, and the reggae rhythms of the one and only Bob Marley. Unfortunately, those things are not necessarily the makings of what truly embodies the Rastafari culture. With the growing international popularity of reggae in the 1970’s, the Rastafarian movement gained headway in Jamaica. Yet this came as both a blessing and curse for the Rastafarian, because it created divisions within the movement and gave birth to a number of â€Å"pseudo Rastafarian†Read MoreEssay on Cango3175 Words   |  13 PagesCanGo Company CanGo Company Issues A comprehensive assessment was conducted for the CanGo Company, and the objective was to unearth the causation factors for their operational issues. In the initial phase of the evaluation, it was quite evident that the root cause of their difficulties was a direct consequence of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) whose ambition for the company was distorted. Consequently, their mission and vision was not clearly defined, which shaped a company’s culture of organizedRead MoreHow Organizational Structure And Culture Affect On The Performance Of A Business3611 Words   |  15 Pageshave the opportunity to present evidence that shows you are able to: Task no. Evidence (Page no) LO1 Understand the relationship between organisational structure and culture 1.1 Compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture 1.2 Explain how the relationship between an organisation’s structure and culture can impact on the performance of a business 1.3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work LO2 Understand different approaches to managementRead MoreEthical Decisions in Business Essay2256 Words   |  10 Pagesbehaviour, personal customs and beliefs can influence the way in which we perceive a particular situation (Damien Power, 2009). As businesses make decisions on a daily basis the conflict between Individualism and collectivism causes a struggle deciphering the importance of one’s own importance in personal beliefs and what might be called as the group norm, it becomes a transformation of private self-versus public self. This is something businesses struggle within the context of making ethical decisionsRead MoreManaging Diversity in the 21st Century Workplace7087 Words   |  29 Pages8 Conscious and unconscious bias in the workplace 9 Harassment and incivility 11 Generation gaps 12 Cultural changes 13 The Business Case for Diversity 14 Recruitment and Selection 16 Practicing Inclusion in the Workplace 19 Deciphering Diversity and Inclusion 20 Diversity Training and Education 22 Retaining a Diverse Workforce 24 Conclusion 26 References 27 Abstract Organizations today are looking at various ways to keep a competitive edgeRead MoreManaging for the Future Organizational Behavior Processes7280 Words   |  30 Pageswith more importance to individual instructors. South-Western has created a program to allow you to select specific content modules for those areas to give your students more practice and exposure to these topics. For just $7.00 per module, you can select the modules you want and we will provide an ISBN to you that will be unique to your custom Ancona text. Each custom order includes, at no additional cost, a short introduction to Managing for the Future, which lays out the texts basic analytical

A New History Of Classical Rhetoric - 883 Words

In A New History of Classical Rhetoric, George Kennedy talks about classical rhetoric from Greek Literature to the middle ages. The term rhetoric â€Å"denotes the civic art of public speaking as it developed in deliberative assemblies, law courts, and other formal occasions under constitutional government† (Kennedy 3). In the classical view, rhetoric has been living in our lives with natural instinct; however, philosophers, educators, and religious leaders have discovered more affective and exquisite rhetoric as rhetoric came into focus. The book introduces the Rhetoric of Aristotle. Rhetoric became more useful and prevalent due to the democratic government in Greece. As a result, public speaking became more popular, and people started to focus on education in rhetoric and studying methods of persuasion. First, Kennedy starts off with artistic rhetoric, in which the speaker uses logos, pathos, and ethos. Logos can be interpreted in terms of Christianity â€Å"as given to it by some divine creator† (Kennedy 12). Therefore, the logos is the powerful element that implies logical reasoning and the logic of the universe. Also, the technique of rhetoric became important between a speaker and audiences. Technique of rhetoric can contribute to powerful persuasion. Invention, arrangement, and style became the first three factors of the five factors of the rhetoric. Either the speaker’s speech is artistic or non-artistic, It is important that people focus on the different methods, theory ofShow MoreRelatedDr. Lam ps Case For Tenure And Promotion1485 Words   |  6 Pagesrecommending Professor Lamp for tenure and promotion. Dr. Lamp is a scholar of rhetorical theory, practice, and education and joined the English department in fall semester 2010. Her published scholarship since arriving at ASU includes one book, The Rhetoric of Augustan Rome (2013, University of South Carolina Press), two refereed articles in major peer reviewed journals, and two book reviews. She also has one 3,000 word contribution in a refereed conference proceeding, which has been submitted for publicationRead MoreEssay about Latin Literature in History1232 Words   |  5 PagesLatin Literature in History Greek literature was one of the numerous Greek accomplishments from which Romans drew immense influence. The Romans picked up first on the Greek embrace of rhetoric, which became an educational standard, given that a mans rhetoric, his ability to push the buttons of the subject audience by way of speeches, supplemented the mans rise to political power. But as rhetoric began to diminish from Roman daily life following Romes imperialization, identicalRead More Latin Literature In History Essay1193 Words   |  5 Pages Latin Literature in History nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Greek literature was one of the numerous Greek accomplishments from which Romans drew immense influence. The Romans picked up first on the Greek embrace of rhetoric, which became an educational standard, given that a man’s rhetoric, his ability to â€Å"push the buttons† of the subject audience by way of speeches, supplemented the man’s rise to political power. But as rhetoric began to diminish from Roman daily life following Rome’s imperializationRead More The Composition and Rhetoric Field Essay1051 Words   |  5 PagesComposition and Rhetoric (a.k.a. Writing Studies): A Flexible Field In his essay, Teach Writing as a Process not a Product, Donald Murray outlines the major difference between the traditional pedagogy that directed the teaching of writing in the past and his newly hailed model. Traditionally, Murray explains, English teachers were taught to teach and evaluate students writing as if it was a finished product of literature when, as he has discovered, students learn better if theyre taught thatRead More Humanism Essay example1241 Words   |  5 PagesHumanism Humanism was a new way of thinking that came about in fourteenth century, the time of the Renaissance.   Many scholars refer to it as the Spirit of the Renaissance.   Humanism was a lay phenomenon that emphasized human beings - as opposed to deities - as well as their interests, achievements and capabilities.   Humanism is derived from the Latin word humanitas, which Cicero, the noted orator of the Roman Empire, referred to as the literary culture needed by anyone who would be consideredRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Classicalism And Romanticism In The Renaissance979 Words   |  4 PagesUnveiling the hidden works of early Greek and Roman thinkers, the Renaissance brought the rebirth of classical philosophy and literature. During the 18th century, Renaissance thinkers began to resonate with their early Greek and Roman counterparts, valuing reason and order. However, in the early 19th century a new intellectual movement would surface as antithesis to the Classicism–â₠¬â€œrevival of classical texts––of the 1700s. What Romantic thinkers valued, Classic thinkers rejected. Placing emphasis onRead MoreAristotle s Rhetoric And Rhetoric1365 Words   |  6 PagesAristotle is given a lot of credit for developing the basics of the system that forms the rhetoric. The rhetoric is regarded as the most important work that was written on persuasion. This rhetoric was never meant to be published but it was instead a collection of notes by his students from his lectures. It shows the development of his thoughts in two periods while Aristotle was in Athens. Aristotle developed the rhetoric in two phases, first when he was in Athens and the second phase when he was head ofRead MorePhilosophy of Management Leadership Essay1798 Words   |  8 PagesTzu on military leadership, Plato’s and Aristotle’s (Plato’s intellectual competitor and student) work questioning ‘who should rule us’, philosophy by Castiglione and othe rs work jointly summarise classical leadership. In order to capture what can be said of today’s leadership with regard to classical writings on leadership one must question whether leadership is a changing phenomena over time or rather, whether there is a single best leadership style that suits all leaders in all situations overRead MoreRhetoric Theories And Their Impact On The Pre Modern Discourse2863 Words   |  12 PagesThe History of Rhetoric Theories and Their Impact on the Pre-modern Discourse Rhetoric is the art of discourse that is aimed at improving the speakers or writers’ ability to motivate, persuade and inform audience in specific situations. Rhetoric has played a central role in European tradition as a subject of productive civil practice and formal study. Rhetoric provides heuristics for developing, discovering and understanding arguments for particular situations. The five canons of rhetoric whichRead MoreRhetoric And Rhetoric2851 Words   |  12 PagesRhetoric is the art of discourse that is aimed at improving the speakers or writers’ ability to motivate, persuade and inform audience in specific situations. Rhetoric has played a central role in European tradition as a subject of productive civil practice and formal study. Rhetoric provides heuristics for developing, discovering and understanding arguments for particular situations. The five canons of rhetoric which were first coded in classical Rome help a speaker to design a persuasive speech

Flipping Classroom Applications Curriculum -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Flipping Classroom Applications Curriculum? Answer: Introduction The topic revolves around the concept of introducing management and how it has been facilitated with the use of competing values framework for managerial leadership. The managerial leadership aspect focuses on the conceptual skills and the leaders can adopt autocratic, democratic or delegative leadership to manage the human resources properly and ensure successful functioning. The competing values framework will be implemented for the managerial leadership to manage the human resources properly and at the same time, keeps the workforce motivated for accomplishing the business aims and objectives with ease and effectiveness (Taylor et al., 2015). Interpretation and assessment of competing values framework for Managerial leadership The framework has been introduced by Quinn Rohrbaugh to provide better flexibility and control of the business operations and ensuring successful business management. There are four quadrants present in the competing values framework that illustrates the four models including the Human relations model, Open systems model, Internal process model and Rational goal model. The framework is used to determine the various factors contributing to the efficiency of the organisation. The competing values framework has allowed for focusing on the internal environment and mange the development and well-being of individuals who are involved with the organisations functioning and management of business operations. Another important dimension of the competing values framework differentiates the need for maintaining a proper organizational structure to create better flexibility, control and ability to adapt to changes with ease (Albert Beatty, 2014). On the other hand, the competitive values framework for leadership roles include the human relations model where the roles are mainly managed by mentor and facilitator whereas the open systems model allows for managing the roles and responsibilities of broker and innovator. The competing values framework is implemented to manage leadership behaviors, roles and responsibilities along with the assessment of various leadership skills. The managers could play the roles of leaders and balance the demands and expectations based on the needs of the organisation. The competing values framework is used as an effective strategic tool to supervise the employees and at the same time develop management programs for ensuring that the employees perform efficiently (Cameron et al., 2014). From the perspective of managerial leadership, the competing values framework is used to determine the previous cultures and even predict the cultures that can be expected in the future. The gaps found within the o rganizations could also be found, furthermore allow the managers to practice different activities to manage the employees within the organisation in an accurate way. It would enhance their managerial leadership skills and assist them to interpret the organizational functions and processes effectively (Bao et al., 2014). Application The application of this competing values framework could not only provide training to the managers and allow them to manage the workforce properly but would also create convenience for the individuals working within the organisation to understand the similarities and differences related to the managerial leadership roles. Figure: Competitive values framework Leadership roles (Bao et al., 2014) Theories, concepts, models and competencies The competing values framework is mainly used as an effective model hat can determine the indicators associated with the management and improvement of business performance. It has not only created ease to organize and understand the leadership competencies, organizational efficiency theories, culture, design and various stages of life cycle development. The model is also applied to facilitate the roles of managerial leaders and maintain organizational quality through processing of information and data, implementation of financial strategies and making sure that a proper design and structure is maintained (Bao et al., 2013). Leadership Competency framework The Leadership Competency framework can be applied for understanding the factors that can lead to success through performance enhancement of the leaders. Enhancing the leadership performance could lead to higher engagement of staffs as well as identify the major leadership competencies contributing to the strategic direction. The major competencies of the model could be the preserving of the most important characters, working collaboratively or in coordination and implementing the most suitable strategies to achieve success in the future. The main purpose of applying the competing values framework is to develop a shared vision along with the creation of a good culture and strong brand image of the organisation. The competency framework has supported the business management practices and even allowed to improve the processes of recruitment and selection (Wiewiora et al., 2013). This would not only help in career development but could also hire new candidates based on their competency level, experience, skills and expertise. The performance management would be possible through proper assessment, evaluation and obtaining feedbacks, which could meet the requirements and enhance the performance of the manager as a leader. The leadership competency framework could also assist in developing higher competency level and enable the managers to manage activities properly in the future. The leaders of the organisation could provide relevant training sessions for enhancing the skills and knowledge of the workers and allow them to achieve the organizational goals and objectives (ten Bruggencate et al., 2012). Competing values framework for culture, leadership and value Four quadrants present in the framework represent the various factors associated with the effectiveness of the organisation. To identify the factors or criteria for effectiveness, leadership and managerial competencies are considered as most effective for managing accounting values and promote flexibility, control and better business performance too. The four quadrants include different types of leaders and types of cultures. For the long-term change, the clan culture is preferred and the leadership activities are mainly managed by the mentor, team development personnel and facilitator while the drivers of value are commitment, dedication and communication. The managerial leadership skills could enable new changes through maintenance of adhocracy culture where the leadership type would be innovator, visionary or an entrepreneur (Taylor et al., 2015). Through this leadership skill, consistent innovation would be possible along with constant changes and improvements to bring production efficiency. To maintain stability and control, the hierarchical culture is developed where coordinators, monitors and organizers play the roles of leaders to accomplish tasks within time and ensure consistency during the process of production. This kind of leadership could promote stability and control over the business functions and ensure that the incremental changes are possible. To enable fast change and external positioning, the preferred culture type is market culture and the types of leadership include producer, competitor and hard driver. The managerial leadership skills could allow for competing with the other business organizations and manage fast changes to become more customer focused (Albert Beatty, 2014). Therefore, these major aspects of the competing values framework could be beneficial for enhancing the managerial leadership skills and improve the business performance management through better revenue generation and gaining of competitive advantage in business too. Conclusion From the topic, it could be understood that the management aspects were analyzed and the benefits of using the competing values framework had been assessed as well. The Competing Values Framework for Managerial Leadership framework was used to identify the four quadrants consisting of the different types of leaders and cultures and how it had been associated with the managers roles within the organizations. The different models present in the framework including the Human relations model, Open systems model, internal process model and rational goal model were identified and how it those had contributed to the improvement of managerial leadership skills. The Leadership competency framework allowed the managers to perform their roles and responsibilities properly through the management of processes of recruitment and selection, performance improvement, development of professionalism and planning for growth and success of career in the future too. Lastly, the competing values framework for culture, leadership and value was assessed to identify the different leadership styles and factors that could contribute to the generation of values and benefits. This should enhance the managers capabilities to ensure better stability, control, flexibility, fast changes and external positioning. References Albert, M., Beatty, B. J. (2014). Flipping the classroom applications to curriculum redesign for an introduction to management course: Impact on grades.Journal of Education for Business,89(8), 419-424. Bao, G., Wang, X., Larsen, G. L., Morgan, D. F. (2013). Beyond new public governance: A value-based global framework for performance management, governance, and leadership.Administration Society,45(4), 443-467. Cameron, K. S., Quinn, R. E., DeGraff, J., Thakor, A. V. (2014).Competing values leadership. Edward Elgar Publishing. Taylor, B. W., Bector, C. R., Bhatt, S. K., Rosenbloom, E. S. (2015).Introduction to management science. Prentice Hall. ten Bruggencate, G., Luyten, H., Scheerens, J., Sleegers, P. (2012). Modeling the influence of school leaders on student achievement: how can school leaders make a difference?.Educational Administration Quarterly,48(4), 699-732. Wiewiora, A., Trigunarsyah, B., Murphy, G., Coffey, V. (2013). Organizational culture and willingness to share knowledge: A competing values perspective in Australian context.International Journal of Project Management,31(8), 1163-1174.

Sources Of English Law free essay sample

Introduction The Sources of English Law are many and varied, however there are four main types, which have different roles and importance in the British Legal system. According to The Chartered Institute of Legal Executives (2013) ‘The four principal sources of UK law are legislation, common law, European Union law and the European Convention on Human Rights.† French Law also includes two of these four sources, as the France and the UK are both part of the European Union. There are also distinctions in UK laws that classify UK law into two separate categories these are Private and Public laws. France also has similar distinctions in its legal system. Hence in the coming sections we will discuss the similarities and difference of the sources of all these types of UK and EU legislation with that of their French Counterparts. Outline of the Courts in France and England Common Law The most distinctive difference of the English legal system when compared to the French is its reliance on Common Law as opposed to the French Civil Law system. The root of Common Law is based upon the cultural, social and moral values that early English Society had. â€Å"Common law is generally uncodified. This means that there is no comprehensive compilation of legal rules and statutes. While common law does rely on some scattered statutes, which are legislative decisions, it is largely based on precedent, meaning the judicial decisions that have already been made in similar cases. These precedents are maintained over time through the records of the courts as well as historically documented in collections of case law known as yearbooks and reports.† (University Of California at Berkley, 2013) This reliance upon precedent makes the past decisions of judges and case law vital to the English Legal System, and also give the Judges far more power  in the Legal process as unlike their French counterparts they are free to interpret the intentions of the judge that presided over the previous case and if appropriate change common law by setting a new precedent with sufficient cause. This is also the underlying reason for Ratio Decidendi being recorder so vigorously in English courts as this allows the Judge to clearly elaborate his reasoning to aid future Judges in their decisions. In the France and most other European Countries they use a Civil Law system that is generally codified (All the laws are written down and do not rely on previous cases.) (University of California, 2013). This limits Judges powers, making them less influential in Civil law system where the Legislature reigns supreme. There are influential proponents for both Civil Law and Common Law; For Civil (Statute Law) Aristotle, Hobbes and Bentham had the opinion that in a democratic society it was fair as the legislators who made all the laws were representative of the people (The Journal of Legal Studies, 2008). The Proponents of Common Law argue that it is more efficient and easily adapted to the changing culture of a country, and that Judges use there power to set precedents that produce efficient results, however they could be biased in their decisions, which is why the British court structure has developed the way it has. Case Law This section of the report outlines some of the Key cases that have set up the precedent bulk of Common law in modern times in order to demonstrate how the English legal system can evolve organically as opposed to Civil law systems; and furthermore to truly get to the root source of Common Law. A Prime example of how Case Law can evolve is the case of R v R (1991). In summary the antiquated value of English Common law stated that women who are married, are treated as the chattel (property) of their Husband, the case was brought to court of a man who forcible had intercourse with his wife after they had separated but neither party had filed for divorce. All previous precedent stated that this occurrence was not in fact rape as all  previous decision of the courts had never interpreted it that way as the women in marriage were the property of the man; however given the women’s rights movement of the second half of the C20th this was no longer in keeping with the zeitgeist of the time and the judge used his power to overrule the previous precedent and insisted that it was legally rape. Thus the Judge had change the common law through establishing a new precedent, with a Civil Law system this change in the law would have had to go through the legislature first and thus the man may have escaped punishment. Another example of how the Common law system allows evolution was given in the practice statement of 1966 by Lord Gardiner, â€Å"which stated that the House of Lords would treat former decisions of the House as normally binding but that it would depart from a previous decision when it appeared right to do so.† (Supreme Court, 2013) This had a marked effect on the following case DPP v Lynch in 1973, when he was brought before a court in Northern Ireland after he was purportedly forced to drive three IRA members to a shooting, wherein a police officer was killed. He was convicted by the court of 2nd degree murder, due to the precedent that duress was not a permissible defence in cases of murder. He appealed and after being dismissed by the Court of Appeal, eventually ended up before the Supreme Court (House of Lords). The Supreme Court held his appeal and allowed that the defence of duress was permissible to an aider or abettor of murder, thus reversing the decision of lower courts. In Summary, not only has the Supreme Court the power to Overrule, Distinguish and reverse the decisions of lower courts but member of the House of Lords can directly defy Stare Decisis as set previous supreme court judges. This power is denied to the Highest French Court, The Court of Cassation, as they are merely permitted to overrule, reverse and distinguish the decisions of lower courts than themselves. Their role is purely â€Å"to unify the case-law and ensure that the interpretation of texts is the same throughout the whole territory.† (Court Of Cassation, 2013)Thus they are unable to make exceptions in exceptional circumstances. Another case that demonstrates the larger amount of power that the English Judiciary holds when compared to the French is Re Sigsworth (1935); were a son who had committed matricide and was found guilty, but stood to inherit money from his mother by law. The Judge ruled that the son benefitting from murdering his mother was an absurd result and thus interpreted the law differently to avoid this result. This ruling by the Judge was a use of the literal rule. (See Appendix A for a breakdown of the rules of English case law. In conclusion, the English Judiciary is a source of English Law through the way in which Judges are allowed to interpret the common law and statues and set precedents that may alter subtly the way the original intent in common law or the statute was meant. The British Legislature as a Source of Law The British Legislature is Parliament, the Legislature has traditionally been the most important source of Law in the English legal system. The UK Parliament is split into the Houses that of the Lords Temporal and Spiritual and the Commons. A bill is a proposal of a new law to be discussed and if all goes well eventually passed. Both houses can initiate a bill; the stages of the legislating process are as follows. First reading: â€Å"is the first stage of a bill’s passage through the House of Lords/ Commons usually a formality, it takes place without debate.† (Parliament, 2013) Second Reading: This is the where the members of the house debate the bill and any amendments that they feel need to be added Committee Stage: The Public Bill Committee examines a bill in detail and amendments can be made. Report Stage: â€Å"All MPs may speak and vote for lengthy or complex Bills the debates may be spread over several days. All MPs can suggest amendments to the Bill or new clauses (parts) they think should be added.† (Parliament, 2013) Third Reading: The Bill is read a third time and debated amongst the House, however no amendments can be made at this stage, the MPs/Lords can simple vote on whether or not to approve the bills third reading. This Process is then repeated for the other house or the one that did not initiate the bill. Consideration of Amendments: This is  were both Houses of Parliament pass the bill back and forth until both Houses can agree upon all amendments. In exceptional circumstances however Commons can pass a bill without the agreement of Lords. As was the case of the Irish Home Rule Act of 1914 Royal Assent: The reigning Monarch approves the bill and it is now an Act of Parliament. Parliament is an important source of Legislation in England, if not the most important because it brings structure to parts of the common law system, which are in need of clarification. This process is called Derogation and has played a vital part in shaping the English Legal system, however due to the Common Law aspect of the English System, Parliamentary Law or Statute law is of less importance than that of its French Counterpart that has and does Legislate for every part of there legal system Acts of Parliament are what is called Primary legislation; there are other types of legislation known as Secondary Legislation, which will be discussed in the next section. Delegated Legislation (Secondary Legislation) There are many ways in which Parliament delegate’s legislation to lower government bodies, these forms key sources of the law that can affect the everyday life of those who reside in England Byelaws are the power to legislate, delegated by Parliament to certain Regional Councils in England. These laws are enforceable only in those areas rather than the Entirety of England. Examples of byelaws are: Ealing Council has issued bye-laws that legislate against people being anti-social, having dogs or leaving litter in public parks (Ealing Council, 2013). These Bye-laws are important source of law for British society as living in these areas means that you must follow your local bye-laws. Orders Of Council are orders issued either by the Queen by Royal Prerogative (Exclusively on advice of the government), these are usually only issued in emergencies; or in the form of a statute issued by a minister of the cabinet, these are an important source of law in normal circumstances as they are used by minister to make key reforms to regulating bodies such as the CIPD. EU legislation The EU is a Union of European Countries set up by the Treaty of Rome in 1957, which now has the power to legislate certain laws for all of its member states. It does this through Regulations, Decision and Directives. Regulations: â€Å"Regulations are the most direct form of EU law as soon as they are passed, they have binding legal force throughout every Member State, on a par with national laws.† (European Commission, 2013). Regulations are a good example of how the European Union is a contributor to both French and English law in pretty much equal capacity. Decisions: A Decision is a piece of EU legislation directly targeted at a particular member state or individuals in specific cases. These can be used to stop a state from doing something, make it do something or change the rights within a Nation. â€Å"A legislative act of the EU which is binding upon those to whom it is addressed. If a decision has no addressees, it binds everyone. [Article 288 TFEU]† (The EU.pptx, 2013) Directives: A directive is a piece of EU legislation that enforces a particular aim to be achieved without defining how they to achieve it, this allows individual member states to achieve it how they will. So in the British paradigm, Parliament could legislate to achieve the Directive and thus this is contributory to British Sources of Law. So in summary the EU is an important source of law to all its member states through any of these three methods of legislating, which is controlled by the European Parliament. The EU also has the highest courts of appeal for all its member states making it an equally important source of Law for England and France. An example of a piece of European Legislature is the Human rights convention of 1953. (ECHR, 2013)

Human Resource Management of an Organization Samples for Students

Question: Explain the Processes of Job Analysis and Job Design as functions of the Strategic Management of Performance. Analyse and Explain the use of Job Descriptions and Person Specifications as Documents Strategically aligned with Job Design for Success in an Organisation. Answer: Job Analysis process The job analysis process is majorly done to place the right personnel in the right jobs strategically. The first stage of the job analysis is to identify the purpose of carrying out the job analysis. There are different purposes of a job analysis in an organization. The job analysis process can be done for different purposes which include; assessing the performance of the employees, placing the workers in the right jobs that suit their competencies, assessing the relevance of specific duties and identifying the need for training and development. After assessing the essence of job analysis, the person who will conduct the job analysis program should be identified. For instance, it may be of great significance if the organization considered hiring a consultant instead of the services of an internal human resource manager in the organization. Hiring an external assessor excludes the problem of biases that is associated by an internal assessor. The next step would be to strategize on how the process will be carried out. For instance how long will it take, the quantity of resources that will be used to facilitate the process and the expected results. The planning should be budgeted in regards to the available resources so that the process is a success. It is now an avenue to make a decision appertaining to the job analysis program. For example, the management may decide on the number of employees that will be incorporated in the process. Also, the management may decide to what extent is the scope of the information to be gathered. The decision made should be in line with the purposes of the job analysis so that disparities are not experienced what so ever and also the budget is not surpassed. It is of the essence to impact the job analyst with skills that are most viable for the process. The rehearsals for the job analysis program are then carried out. The preparations encompass communicating to the employee about the incoming job analysis and its purposes. The tools that will be used for this purpose are also prepared. It is imperative to ensure that all the tools that will be used are the most efficient and vital for attaining of the intended data. The data appertaining to the employees is then gathered. The information will include Paramount aspects such as the education backgrounds of the workers, their working experiences and the working conditions at the job place just to mention a few. The information will be documented by the analyst and then evaluated in the bid to identify its significance. The analyst will then prepare a job description and specifications of the employees in regards to the information that was gathered. The process of job Design The process of job design starts with the specification of the various tasks according to the skill or capabilities that are required to perform the tasks. The motivation factors for each task are also defined. The next step is to establish the right combination of identical tasks. The combination of the identical tasks is what forms a job. The last stage incorporates the characterization of the precise methods that must be utilized per the particular job. The specification of the methods of conducting a job is aimed at ensuring that identical jobs are performed in an identical way. 4 Also, the final stage is subject to the dynamics that occur in an organization, for instance, changes in technology and the competition in the market. Use of job descriptions and personal specifications It is ideal to note that job descriptions are paramount in the performance of organizations. Job descriptions majorly elaborate the specific tasks and duties that an employee is supposed to perform. The categorization of the duties assists in reducing circumstances of confusions or in the organization. The organization refrains from the problem of redundancies. Also, it leads to the explanation of the significance of the duties. The elaboration of the importance of the responsibilities aids in creating accountability amongst the employees.5 Moreover, job descriptions verify the essence of the tasks in the achievement of the mission and the objectives of the organizations. Every role in the organization is associated with the achievement of the end goals. It is imperative to note that job descriptions contribute to the performance of the organization because it aids in the relation of the organization's goals to the tasks that are bestowed to an employee. The job description document aids in recruiting the best personnel because the job requirements are well specified, and thus the most qualifying employees are selected and placed in the right jobs. If the right individuals are placed in the right jobs, then it is evident that the services that will be rendered will be of good and will lead to high performance in the organization. The specifications of the jobs bring out the benefit of leading an organization that is free from conflict. In most cases when the specific tasks or duties of employees are not well defined then the employees can conflict because of the confusing roles due to the lack of an organization. When an organization is prone to conflicts because of duplication in the roles of the employees, then there is a high possibility that performance will not be met simply because there will be no integration. Job descriptions are used in deciding on the salaries that are granted to the employees. The organization can precisely determine the amount that is fair for an employee with specific qualifications for a selected task. Fair payment aids in retaining of competent staff and thus the company can always maintain its competitive edge in the competitive world. It is also with the aid of a job description that an organization can gauge its performance. The performance of the employees is measured by the use of the relevant tools such as MBOs so as to assess whether they are performing their tasks in an acceptable way. The measuring of performance creates as good attitude among the employees to work because it is with the measuring of performance that they can be promoted and promised more salaries. The success of an organization relies on a job description that prompts effectiveness in tasks.6 The personal specifications aid in the recruitment, selection and the orientation of the employees. The personal specifications are tied to the job experiences, education background and the personal information about the employee. The personal specification eases the work of a human resource manager for he can identify in the clearest manner if the candidate is suitable for the vacant position. The organization thus can save a lot of resources that otherwise could be used in seeking information about the candidate from other sources. By training and development, personal specifications are paramount. The organization can make effective decisions in the light of the skills and capabilities of the employees. The management can be able to come up with the best training programs with the precise themes that relate to the requirements of the job descriptions. Also, the personal specification can enable an informed work plan for the resource manager. For example, if an employee has a personal drive towards work and is motivated by some specific factors then it becomes extremely easy for the employee to be supervised. The organization success is guaranteed if it can save time and resources. Bibliography Alfes, Kerstin, A.D.Shantz, Catherine Tuss, and E.C.Soane. "The link Between perceived human resource management practices, engagement and employee behavior: a moderated mediation model ." International journal of human resource management 24, no. 2 (2013): 330-351. Daniels, Kevin, Cigdem Gedkli, David Watson and Antonina Semkina. "Job, employment practices and well-being: A systematic review of intervention studies." Ergonomics, 2017: 1-80. Oke, Leke. "Human Resource Management." International Journal of Humanities and Cultural studies 4, no. 1 (2016): 376-387. Oldham, Greg R., and Yitzhak Fried. "Job Design Research and Theory: The Past, present, and future." organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2016: 20-36. Renwick, Douglas WS, Tom Redman, and Stuart Maguire. "Green Human Resource Management A review and research agenda." International Journal of Management Reviews 15, no. 1 (2013): 1-14. Stone, R. Human Resource Management. John Wiley Sons, 2014.

Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson free essay sample

Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson both had different and similar views, which influenced how they wrote their poetry. Their social context, life experiences, and gender are reflected in their poetry. Emily Dickinson focused a lot on death and her struggles of being a woman during her time. Her poems often described the inner state of mind. Waltman attempted to combine universal themes with individual feelings and experiences, such as his personal experiences with the Civil War. Whitman and Dickinson are two great poets who both were very similar but different in more ways than one, and they were both very influenced by who they were, and their life experience. Their poems were both â€Å"small in theme yet has it the sweep of the universe. † In Whitman’s poem â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider†, in this poem Whitman uses personification when talking about a spider, which is a metaphor for his soul. â€Å"A noiseless patient spider,I markd where on a little promontory it stood isolated. We will write a custom essay sample on Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † It represents how a spider is alone, how it tries to reach out to it’s web but it never connects with anything. He feels he is alone, he just wants somebody and he tries to reach out, but no one is there. â€Å"Markd how to explore the vacant vast surrounding. †He also says how he is surrounded by people, but somehow still feels alone, and that he has nobody. He uses the spider to personify who he is and how he feels in life. They way he gives the spider feelings of being patient, which means the spider is calm and willing to wait, that’s called personification, he uses it to help us see the spider. The way the spider keeps trying to build it’s web is tedious and repetitive, this represents how lonely, and tedious repetitive work is like. And you O my soul where you stand, Surrounded, detached, in measureless oceans of space. † Whitman talks about the spider in the first half, and his soul in the second half. The way he talks about his soul, is a form of personification. Emily Dickinson is a poet in the nineteenth-century, she is a women, so it is very uncommon that she writes. Being a women author is actually frowned upon in her time, her gender affects her poems a lot and how her themes and views are developed throughout them. In her poem â€Å"They shut me up in Prose†, Dickinson talks about how being a women and how society is trying to make er something she is not. â€Å"As when a little Girl They put me in the Closet- Because they like me still†. They expect her to be quiet and docile, but instead she is rebellious, that is why she had to be contained. â€Å"Still! Could themself have peeped-And seen my Brain-go round- They might as wise have lodged a Bird†. The way she uses a bird as a metaphor to represent her not being able to be contained is very clever. She also says how no matter how hard they try to keep her from being a rebellious women, they can not keep her from being who she is and thinking the way she does. Her tone in this poem is very strong and influential, it gets what she is saying very well. She portrays her problems throughout her poetry of being female and a poet. Her not being the norm was frowned upon. They don’t want her to write poems, but more simpler things, since in her time, poetry was a more male dominant thing. Dickinson’s writing style is somewhat similar to that of Whitman, in the sense of their personal experiences of being an outcast and having different views from that of society. Emily Dickinson was hugely influenced by her gender difference and her rebelliousness to society’s thoughts on how she should be while writing poetry. Her theme in this poem portrays every women in her time period that struggled with being who they really were and being accepted by society, even though she talks about herself in general in this poem, it reflects every women and girl in this era. Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman were both very great poets, who reflected their personal experiences and life in their poetry using personification, tone, and metaphors. Dickinson’s writing style is somewhat similar to that of Whitman, in the sense of their personal experiences of being an outcast and having different views from that of society. Whitman and Dickinson may of been two different poets, but the way they reflected themselves so well in their poems were very alike. They both used metaphors and objects to represent themselves, and a theme that had a bigger meaning to the world, that you had to think deeper about, â€Å"small in theme yet has it the sweep of the universe. †

Analys av boken 1984 Essays - , Term Papers

Analys av boken 1984 Eric Arthur Blair, mer kand genom sin pseudonym George Orwell, var en valdigt inflytelserik brittisk forfattare som levde mellan aren 1903 och 1950. Orwell ar kand for sina politiska satirer som djurfabeln Animal Farm men framfor allt ar han kand for hans samhallskritiska dystopi 1984. Skriven ar 1948 och publicerad 1949, boken 1984 ar varldskand for sin politiska dystopi och starka samhallskritik och anses vara en av de basta romanerna fran 1900-talet. Genren dystopi genomsyrar hela berattelsen dar protagonisten lever i ett totalitart samhalle dar livet ar gratt och meningslost och stravar efter forandring. Han traffar en kvinna som delar hans ambition och tillsammans gar de med i en motstandrorelse. Det slutar med att de blir lurade, tillfangatagna, torterade och hjarntvattade. Orwell anvande delvis denna berattelse som en direkt kritik mot Stalin. Under 1940-talet hade de tva totalitara regimerna, Sovjetunionen och Nazityskland, ett stort inflytande pa Orwells verk 1984 vilket man ser aterspeglas i verket. Bada regimerna glorifierade deras ledare som folkets raddare som sen utvecklades till en nastan gudalik status, kravde absolut lojalitet fran deras befolkning och ville upphoja partiets behov ovanfor individens behov genom forstorelse av manniskans individualitet. I boken ser man samma tendenser i samhallet som presenteras i boken. Annu fler liknelser ser man i hur dessa regimer skapade en egen bild av sina fiender genom att dehumanisera dem. Samma sak ser man i 1984 dar superstaten Oceanien demoniserar sina fiender genom masspropaganda, Tvaminuters-hatet och Hatveckan. Likheterna mellan Oceaniens regim ar anda mer lik den stalinistiska regimen da den Oceaniska regimen, som Stalins regim, innehaller bade kommunistiska drag dar partiet ar felfritt och fascistiska drag dar man glorifierar ledarens visdom. Det gar aven se liknelser i Oceaniens produktions system dar man har Trearsplanen och de stora arbetslagren som ar i stil med det man hade i Sovjetunionen. Tidigare i sitt liv hade Orwell fatt jobba som kolonialpolis i Burma och senare bli medlem i ett spanskt kommunistiskt parti. Dessa upplevelser fick honom att avsky imperialism och bli medveten om farorna av ett totalitart samhalle. Av dessa anledningar ar det manga som anser att Orwell skrev 1984 som bade en kritik direkt mot Stalin och som en varning for det nuvarande samhallet om skadan som kan komma av att infora en totalitar regim. Aven ansiktsdragen hos Oceaniens ledare Storebror liknar Stalin da han beskrivs ha morkt har och en bastant svart mustasch. I boken ar aret 1984 och varlden ar uppdelad i tre superstater: Oceanien, Euraisen och Ostasien. Protagonisten Winston Smith bor i London, som har fatt det nya namnet Flygbas 1. Samhallet i Oceanien styrs av den ledande styrelsen Partiet som har Storebror som deras absoluta ledare. Winston jobbar som en lagrankad partimedlem och vart han an gar ar han bevakad av Partiet genom teleskarmar och gomda mikrofoner. Stora bilder och statyer av Storebror ar uppsatta genom hela London. Partiet kontrollerar allt i Oceanien, till och med historian och spraket och deras nuvarande projekt ar att implementera det konstgjorda spraket nysprak bland partiet och prolerna som ar i princip arbetarklassen och tar upp 85 % av hela Oceaniens befolkning. Boken borjar med att Winston kanner sig frustrerad med fortrycket i Oceanien och Partiets stranga lagar, som forbjuder fria tankar, sex och nagot annat uttrycksatt for individualitet. Han hatar Partiet och olagligt koper en dagbok dar han skriver ner sina tankar och frustrationer. Han blir ocksa intresserad den hogrankade partimedlemmen O'Brien som Winston misstankte var en hemlig medlem i motstandrorelsen Broderskapet. Winston arbetar i Sanningsministeriet dar han andrar pa historiska uppgifter sa att det battre passar Partiets behov. Han tanker pa hur Partiet havdar att Oceanien krigar Eurasien och har alltid varit allierade med Ostasien, men Winston verkar minnas en tid da det var tvartom. Pa jobbet marker han blickar fran en kvinnlig medarbetare och blir orolig att hon ar en spion som skulle lamna in honom till tankepolien for hans krimtank, som i princip betyder tankebrott. Senare under dagen far han ett brev dar hon skrev att hon alskade honom och senare bestamde de att motas utanfor London dar de inte kunde vara bevakade. Winston fick reda pa att hennes namn var Julia och att hon ocksa hatade Partiet. Detta mote paborjade deras forhallande. De fortsatte att traffas i

Elasticity of Demand Practice Problem

Elasticity of Demand Practice Problem In microeconomics, the elasticity of demand refers to the measure of how sensitive the demand for a good is to shifts in other economic variables. In practice, elasticity is particularly important in modeling the potential change in demand due to factors like changes in the goods price. Despite its importance, it is one of the most misunderstood concepts. To get a better grasp on the elasticity of demand in practice, lets take a look at a practice problem. Before trying to tackle this question, youll want to refer to the following introductory articles to ensure your understanding of the underlying concepts:  a beginners guide to elasticity and using calculus to calculate elasticities. Elasticity Practice Problem This practice problem has three parts: a, b, and c. Lets read through the prompt and questions. Q: The weekly demand function for butter in the province of Quebec is Qd 20000 - 500Px 25M 250Py, where Qd is quantity in kilograms purchased per week, P is price per kg in dollars, M is the average annual income of a Quebec consumer in thousands of dollar, and Py is the price of a kg of margarine. Assume that M 20, Py $2, and the weekly supply function is such that the equilibrium price of one kilogram of butter is $14. a. Calculate the cross-price elasticity of the demand for butter (i.e. in response to changes in the price of margarine) at the equilibrium. What does this number mean? Is the sign important? b. Calculate the income elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. c. Calculate the price elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. What can we say about the demand for butter at this price-point? What significance does this fact hold for suppliers of butter? Gathering the Information and Solving for Q Whenever I work on a question such as the one above, I first like to tabulate all of the relevant information at my disposal. From the question we know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyWith this information, we can substitute and calculate for Q:Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyQ 20000 - 500*14 25*20 250*2Q 20000 - 7000 500 500Q 14000Having solved for Q, we can now add this information to our table:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyNext, well answer a  practice problem. Elasticity Practice Problem: Part A Explained a. Calculate the cross-price elasticity of the demand for butter (i.e. in response to changes in the price of margarine) at the equilibrium. What does this number mean? Is the sign important? So far, we know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyAfter reading using calculus to calculate cross-price elasticity of demand, we see that we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z With Respect to Y = (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of cross-price elasticity of demand, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity demand with respect to the other firms price P. Thus we can use the following equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (dQ / dPy)*(Py/Q) In order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side is some function of the other firms price. That is the case in our demand equation of Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py. Thus we differentiate with respect to P and get: dQ/dPy 250 So we substitute dQ/dPy 250 and Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py into our cross-price elasticity of demand equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (dQ / dPy)*(Py/Q)Cross-price elasticity of demand (250*Py)/(20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py) Were interested in finding what the cross-price elasticity of demand is at M 20, Py 2, Px 14, so we substitute these into our cross-price elasticity of demand equation: Cross-price elasticity of demand (250*Py)/(20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py)Cross-price elasticity of demand (250*2)/(14000)Cross-price elasticity of demand 500/14000Cross-price elasticity of demand 0.0357 Thus our cross-price elasticity of demand is 0.0357. Since it is greater than 0, we say that goods are substitutes (if it were negative, then the goods would be complements). The number indicates that when the price of margarine goes up 1%, the demand for butter goes up around 0.0357%. Well answer part b of the practice problem on the next page. Elasticity Practice Problem: Part B Explained b. Calculate the income elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. We know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyAfter reading  using calculus to calculate income elasticity of demand, we see that (using M for income rather than I as in the original article), we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z With Respect to Y = (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of income elasticity of demand, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity demand with respect to income. Thus we can use the following equation: Price Elasticity of Income: = (dQ / dM)*(M/Q) In order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side is some function of income. That is the case in our demand equation of Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py. Thus we differentiate with respect to M and get: dQ/dM = 25 So we substitute dQ/dM 25 and Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py into our price elasticity of income equation: Income elasticity of demand: (dQ / dM)*(M/Q)Income elasticity of demand: (25)*(20/14000)Income elasticity of demand: 0.0357Thus our income elasticity of demand is 0.0357. Since it is greater than 0, we say that goods are substitutes. Next, well answer part c of the practice problem on the last page. Elasticity Practice Problem: Part C Explained c. Calculate the price elasticity of demand for butter at the equilibrium. What can we say about the demand for butter at this price-point? What significance does this fact hold for suppliers of butter? We know that:M 20 (in thousands)Py 2Px 14Q 14000Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*PyOnce again, from reading  using calculus to calculate price elasticity of demand, we know that we can calculate any elasticity by the formula: Elasticity of Z With Respect to Y = (dZ / dY)*(Y/Z) In the case of price elasticity of demand, we are interested in the elasticity of quantity demand with respect to price. Thus we can use the following equation: Price elasticity of demand: (dQ / dPx)*(Px/Q) Once again, in order to use this equation, we must have quantity alone on the left-hand side, and the right-hand side is some function of price. That is still the case in our demand equation of 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py. Thus we differentiate with respect to P and get: dQ/dPx -500 So we substitute dQ/dP -500, Px14, and Q 20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py into our price elasticity of demand equation: Price elasticity of demand: (dQ / dPx)*(Px/Q)Price elasticity of demand: (-500)*(14/20000 - 500*Px 25*M 250*Py)Price elasticity of demand: (-500*14)/14000Price elasticity of demand: (-7000)/14000Price elasticity of demand: -0.5 Thus our price elasticity of demand is -0.5. Since it is less than 1 in absolute terms, we say that demand is price inelastic, which means that consumers are not very sensitive to price changes, so a price hike will lead to increased revenue for the industry.

Thinking style Essays

Thinking style Essays Thinking style Essay Thinking style Essay What do my results tell me about my individual thinking style or my thought process range? My results were that I was focused. It tells me that I understand what I need to do and the steps that need to be taken to get there. It shows my determination and ability to grasp information. It displayed that I would be more successful at practical Jobs that involves problem solving. My results also states that Im good with research which means I rapidly learn new tasks and commit to different resistances easily. Also Im innovative which is thinking out side of the box. Exploring ideas and utilizing them for my benefit. I adapt to change which show that Im a versatile individual. It also states that I strategies and Im an entrepreneur thinker. I have also notice that all of my results are consistence Will I think been able to solve complex arguments can help me analyze what Im going to present.. My style can influence my approach to argument because its who I am. For there are the hints that are of me and is characteristic of which I am then this will display in my work. Lets say for instance that I was a lazy individual then my work will most defiantly reflect that. My work would reflect the work of someone who does there research and also have the ability to think outside the box. Persuasive communication can help me in my career by helping me strengthen my communication skills. Persuasive communication Can also help me gain confidence in the products or presentation I may present!

ShoreIndie Webinar How to Refine your Novels Blurb and Opening

ShoreIndie Webinar How to Refine your Novels Blurb and Opening ShoreIndie Webinar: How to Refine your Novel's Blurb and Opening Pages A free webinar for authors: Saturday, May 20th | 12pm EST (New York) | 9am PST (Los Angeles) | 5pm BST (London). Register below!#mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; } /* Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block. We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. */ The blurb and the opening lines of a novel act as an invitation for the reader to keep reading. Just like your cover, they need to hook the right readers in and clearly identify your novel's genre.But there is more to a blurb than just a good hook. How you word your blurb, along with the categories and keywords you choose,  are the main factors that'll get Amazon's algorithms to "place" your book in front of the right reader. This is what makes writing it such a crucial and tricky exercise.Fortunately, we've got you covered! We have partnered with ShoreIndie  to put together an exclusive (and free!) webinar to help novelists refine their blurb and manuscript opening. The webinar will feature two top Reedsy fiction editors, Rebecca Heyman and Katie McCoach, along with a professional book marketer: Bree Weber. Together, they'll teach you:How to write a strong "hook" in your blurbHow to optimize your blurb, title, and other metadata to leverage Amazon's algorithmsHow to refine your opening pages to hook readers in and keep them  engagedAnd we'll finish with an extended QA session where you'll be able to get their expert opinion on  your novel!The webinar will run on Saturday, May 20th, at 12pm EST (New York) | 9am PST (Los Angeles) | 5pm BST (London). Sign up below and we'll send you all the info you'll need to join!Note:  A replay will be made available after the webinar, along with some bonus content. So even if you can't attend live, sign up below to make sure you get the replay and bonus content!#mc_embed_signup{background:#fff; clear:left; font:14px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; } /* Add your own MailChimp form style overrides in your site stylesheet or in this style block. We recommend moving this block and the preceding CSS link to the HEAD of your HTML file. */

The Evolution of wall painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Evolution of wall painting - Essay Example The essay "The Evolution of wall painting" explores the wall painting and the stages of its evolution. In the religious setup, the styles of Frescoes and Mosaics are widely used, narrating the life of the Virgin Mary and Jesus. From them, one can draw a conclusion that, though wall painting changed, it remained the same in different setups. This paper seeks to explore the evolution of wall painting beginning in Paleolithic period to Early Renaissance.During the Paleolithic period, wall painting decoration was either decorated objects or figurines. From about 31, 000 to 12, 000 B.C, there were two main categories of painting, which were either decorated objects or portable pieces. Portable pieces were small figurines, while decorated objects were carved out of stone, clay, and also cave art. Paleolithic art majored itself in different subjects such as animal carvings, hunting scenes, and animals. It was an attempt to gain control over the environment through critical thinking. One can imply that painting was a powerful tool of revealing different ideas and concepts of the society. Wall painting was carried out in different colors, but mostly golden brown was used to reveal the beautiful nature of the painting. The following is an example of a wall painting of the Paleolithic period that depicts animals. The walls were covered with different paintings that revealed different subjects. In most cases, animals were the subject shown through shades of brown, red, black, and yellow.

Business Law Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Law Questions - Coursework Example The first advantage is that this type of business is easy to form. The business organization is simple with minimal legal formalities that includes the license and permits in special cases. The business is also easy to dissolve if Eva so wishes. The second advantage is that this type of business only needs small startup capital. Apart from this, the amount of money needed for management is small as there is usually no need for specialist in the various functional areas of the company. The third advantage Eva gains from this type of business organization is that it affords a great deal of flexibility in that decision making and changes are easy and fast. The fourth and probably the biggest advantage is that the owner receives all the profits from the business. The final advantage offered is that the company if moderately free from government control. The government regulates this type of business less than other types, thus Eva’s day-to-day operations are smooth as long as she follows the letter of her permit and license. While the business offers many advantages, it also has some challenges. First, these types of companies usually have limited resources. Due to this, banks and other credit facilities are usually reluctant to grant loans due to the high mortality rate of these companies as well few assets owned. The second disadvantage is that the owner assumes unlimited liability. This means that all the debts and loses fall on the head of the owner. The third disadvantage is that in the event the company fails, creditors have the right to force the owner to sell their own property as well as those belonging to the company to offset the debt. Finally, if the owner dies or is incapacitated, the business dies or is incapacitated. In order to raise capital, Eva faces some difficulties as investors unrelated to her will not be comfortable regarding the security and use of their investment. Capital investment for sole proprietorship is also difficult to secure and formalize without risking losing control of the company. The first course of action she may take is to seek financial aid from people related to her such a family and friends. She can also raise loans from financial and banking institutions. In this case, she can secure a loan from the bank for her working capital and seek help from specialized financial institutions in case of long term investment such as buying fixed assets. The third approach is discussing with her suppliers to receive goods on credit, i.e. acquire trade credit. Finally, she can lease her equipment to other firms in order to acquire medium term funds. Question 2 By looking at the second scenario, we find that Don has a basis to set aside the contract. This is because the contract between Don and Evan was entered under coercion. According to Bigwood (369), pure coercion occurs when one party plans to engage in a legal wrong to endorse his demands leaving another party to without any reasonable alternative but to comply. While Evans threat is not a legal wrong it is however exploitative, disagreeable and wrongful in the broader sense hence an improper proposal. Under contract law, Don can prove that he was under duress (duress to the person) thus enabling the contract to be rescinded since it will then be voidable (Stone 337). In order to prove that the contract was under coercion, Don has to prove that no other reasonable option remained but to sign the contract. This can be done by reviewing the relationship between him and his nephew as well as contracts they had entered before. Apart from voiding the contract, Ron can also choose to enforce the contract (Bigwood 370). Cases of

Visual analysis of Mahatma Gandhis portrait Assignment

Visual analysis of Mahatma Gandhis portrait - Assignment Example It is sizeable and easily noticeable by visitors visiting the house. The Mahatma Gandhi portrait was made in New Delhi in India by an Indian artist called Kumar Khan. The design is very artistic and is made to beautify the house walls as well as inspire persons who view it daily. The gift was given as a gift by my parents. The gift was given to serve as an inspiration at a time my performance in school was improving. The portrait is made from wood which has then been shaped with some artistic designs engraved in it. The portrait is then painted with a golden color which makes it beautiful and easily noticeable by persons visiting the house. The image of Mahatma Gandhi is an artistic drawing which corresponds to how Mahatma looked like. The pencil-drawn picture corresponds to the images of Mahatma on a real picture. The image of Mahatma Gandhi has several noticeable features that identify him. One of this the spectacles he wore during his days which are almost circular in Shape. The h ero had beards above the mouth but on the lower side on the sheen he had no beards. Another feature is the type of cloth he is shown wearing in the portrait. It’s a white cloth mostly worn by the people of India. People who have seen his picture in the past, whether it’s on Newspapers, TV, art books or even in history books would ultimately identify him. The artist of the Picture, Kumar Khan, was very accurate in designing the portrait since every part of the portrait corresponds to the real picture of Mahatma Gandhi.

What are the environmental consequences of offshore drilling Research Proposal

What are the environmental consequences of offshore drilling - Research Proposal Example ost difficult and more than for land-based fitting and much of the improvement in the offshore petroleum sector revolves around overcoming these challenges. This includes a significant necessity of â€Å"Manned facilities have to to be kept above sea-level.† This can be only achieved with vast constructions with their foundations on the sea bed, like â€Å"the Troll† – A platform stationed on a depth of 300 meter. With height of 472 meter, it can be acknowledged as the biggest man-made movable construction. Type of other platforms including floating types only anchored to the sea-floor. These floating platforms trim down the construction costs but the additional security measures are required as well as apparatus for nulling out heave due to strong waves. In both of oil ridges, the ocean adds numerous hundred meters to the liquefied column in the drill string increasing â€Å"bottom hole pressure† as well as escalating the required amount of energy to lift sand and cuttings for oil-sand separation on the platform. as of modern times the emphasis of oil companies is to conduct maximum production subsea for instance amenities to split sand from oil and re-inject sand prior to pumping up to the platform. In this proces s there are no installations visible above the sea-level. Subsea installations enhance the goal of the petroleum industry of exploiting natural resources at gradually deep waters that have been inaccessible in the past. It also evades several challenges related to sea ice as in the Barents Sea. An offshore oil ridge can also be defined more or less as a small world with support utilities like cafeteria, resting quarters and administration located offshore. In the North Sea, the employees are transported on the platform by helicopter for a 2-week shift. This in turn means higher air pollution. Materials and wastes are transported by the means of ship and it is required to be delicately maneuvered due to the inadequate floor area on the platform. As of

H.W Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

H.W - Assignment Example Each employee will strive to meet set goals so that they earn such non-cash rewards. In addition, Gina will find non-cash rewards less costly compared to cash. First, employees may not notice exactly how worthy is the reward. This is contrary to cash rewards in which workers consider the amount to get motivated. For example, Gina should set a program in which successful logging detailed notes about the client call in the online database, the customer care representative earns points used to redeem tangible items of value to them. To maintain customer satisfaction at the end of every call, Gina should make it part of her reward to manage knowledge. Rewards imply after exemplary performance, there should be learning experience that enhances other employees to gain knowledge of serving in the same line. However, Gina should be careful not to overload the trip with learning sessions. Employee should find more than 80 percent of the travel to himself or herself for recreation. In summary, non-cash rewards are guilt-free as opposed to money that employees spend on ordinar y commitments. May Johnson’s performance problems are multi-faceted. First, she lacks management experience. It is her first experience working with a group of employees reporting directly to her. As a result, she believes that everything should go in line with what she understands and strongly holds. Secondly, Johnson lacks knowledge of the current systems used by the company and other employees. She relies on obsolete systems. Johnson’s overreliance on obsolete systems constantly raises conflicts with her junior employees. In addition, Johnson does not understand vital aspects of job specialization. She desires to perform everything and does not believe that any duty accomplished by other individuals can be perfect. Johnson repeats every work her junior staff members present to her. May Johnson’s employee are

Psychology Exercise Essay Example for Free

Psychology Exercise Essay A research question was proposed to a student asking why teenagers have more difficulty focusing their attention early in the morning when compared to that of younger children. After carefully considering the evidence in each choice option, the following were ranked in order the most convincing to the least convincing: 1. Thirty well-designed studies published in prestigious journals have discovered that melatonin; a hormone involved in sleep is secreted by the body of teenagers at a different point in the sleep-wake cycle than it is for young children and adults. 2. A nutrition expert, appearing on Good Morning America, stated that she believes teenagers have more difficulty focusing their attention than younger children because, as she learned in her interviews with students of all ages, the teenagers were more likely to skip breakfast. 3. After overhearing many teenagers talking about why they struggle with paying attention early in the morning, it provided a good understanding for the problem. 4. Twenty well-controlled experiments published in prestigious journals strongly suggest a cause for why teenagers have more difficulty focusing their attention early in the morning than do younger children. 5. Two well-controlled experiments published in a prestigious journal suggest a cause for why teenagers have more difficulty focusing their attention early in the morning than do younger children. 6. After a recent airing of a story on the news show Dateline on NBC about some people being morning people and others being night people, Channel 5 asked viewers to call in the reasons they have difficulty focusing attention in the morning. Two reasons were given most frequently, and those reasons were presented on that night’s local news. 7. A relative has a hunch. The decision to give the aforementioned reasons the rank in which they received was based fully on the evidence presented in each statement. Items 1-3 indicated a true correlation between the proposed question and the stated reason and personal understanding. Items 4 and 5 could have been credible sources, but they were absent the findings in the statement offered. Item 6 was not a source focused on the study of teenagers, but rather its research was done on a PSYCHOLOGY 3 broad level. Finally, item 7 did not come from someone with credibility nor did it possess any scientific verification to back up any reasoning. Also, it did not contain a valid reason pertaining to the question at hand. There were only two reasons suggested that contained factual evidence that were believable and credible (Shohov, 2004). Items 1 and 2 proposed that research in relation to the proposed question had been carefully and scientifically performed. Item 1 declared that thirty well-designed studies had been performed concluding that a specific hormone was believed to be the cause for a teenager’s inability to focus early in the morning. These studies had also been published in prestigious journals. Item 2 aired on a publically respected early morning news broadcast. The finder-of-fact was an expert nutritionist who had conducted many interviews on children of all ages. Her conclusions were drawn based on answers voluntarily given by the interviewed teenagers. Her findings concluded that teenagers skipping breakfast had more difficulty focusing early in the morning. Both of these suggested reasons offered a definitive answer to the proposed question, and they bore evidence to support their findings (Shohov, 2004). References Shohov, S. (2004). Advances in psychology research, volume 17. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

Social Inequality In Usa Sociology Essay

Social Inequality In Usa Sociology Essay Why do you think the U.S. is characterized by more inequality and fewer public efforts to reduce inequality than any other developed nation? Capitalism cannot provide a decent standard of living for all, but as long as it can provide a tolerable standard of living for substantial layers of the population, it can maintain social stability. Recent studies have shown that the middle America begins to feel insecure, which points at the inevitable social problems. The average salary is the salary, which includes both the income of the richest and the poorest. This amount is far from real wages of most Americans. According to the latest statistical review, in the period after 1998, when the U.S. economy grew by 25%, the average salary of one fifth of U.S. residents fell by 3.8%, while the salary of the rest remained at 1973 level (Hurst 132-34). While the economy was rapidly growing, this prosperity has not affected the middle class, not to mention industrial workers and the poor. Along with the freezing of income of the middle class, social inequality was growing. Since 1973 the annual revenue growth of 1% of the richest was 3.4%, and for 0.1% of the richest it was 5.2%. But for the remaining 90% this figure was 0.3% per year since 1973. Leaders of large companies were earning 26 times more than their employees. Now they are earning 300 times more (Crompton 98-102). According to experts, children from families with low income have a 1%chance to get rich, while children of the rich have 22% opportunity. For the middle class the figure is 1.8%, not much more than for the poor. The middle class of America is more and more afraid to become poor. Families face a decrease in their incomes. The number of families, whose income fell to $ 20,000, has increased from 13% in 1990 to 17% in 2007 (Hurst 206). Unemployment in the U.S. has reached the highest level over the past 20 years. Average duration of unemployment is 18 weeks. And, most often the unemployed have to accept a new job with less pay. House owners (about 70% of Americans), after paying taxes, have to give 11% of their income for mortgages. Today, these people are insolvent. Today the average American family with two working spouses has to work for 32 weeks to pay taxes, medical insurance, credit for housing, and education. In 1979, they needed 28 weeks. After all these payments, such a family has less means for basic needs than in 1980. In the current economic situation, an average American feels much worse than 25 years ago (Hurst 57-60). An average American works longer and harder than before just to make ends meet. And one increasingly has to take loans, family debt reached 120% of family income. Private pension funds are extremely small. Moreover, now pensions begin to be paid only after the worker invests a certain amount. In this world richest country 45% of Americans have no pension program. Only 20% have a guaranteed pension. The same situation is in health care. The number of uninsured people reached 16%, i.e. about 45 million Americans will not get treatment if they get sick. Despite all the efforts, most of the U.S. social problems do not disappear. Obviously, these are the negative effects of economic growth that exist in almost every post-industrial society. Moreover, the distribution of wealth including personal property and shares has not changed in the U.S. for 200 years. Tiree and Smith managed to obtain data on the taxable property of persons who had permanent jobs in Philadelphia in 1789. Comparing these data with the distribution of income in 1949, 1959 and 1969, they found a completely equal distribution of wealth in these two periods. Both, at that time and today, dealers and persons of intellectual labor were richer than the workers and clerks (Hurst 89-93). Since 1982, profits of American capitalists have grown considerably. This was achieved by reduction of salaries of workers, and increased exploitation. Thus, the rate of added value grew up while investments into new equipment have been reduced to minimum. Therefore the returns were growing. Inequality of income distribution remains in American society despite various changes in the economy and many programs helping the poor. The privileges are established for those who have the power in any societies. People with high status often have a very visible political influence, which they can use to their advantage. In the 1960s, the President Lyndon Johnson declared the war against poverty. The weapons of this war were tax cuts, retraining programs, educational programs and increased benefits. These actions were important, since it was estimated that between 1965 and 1975 the number of families below the poverty line was less than 5% of all families. However, since then many of these programs were reduced or abolished in order to stabilize the government budget. More positive results of programs have been undermined by rising unemployment and an increase in the number of poor families with single mothers. Therefore, in the U.S. there are still many poor families (Hurst 248-49). How is social stratification a creation of society rather than simply an expression of individual differences. The question of why there is social inequality is central in the study of society. It has two strikingly different answers. The first one was given by the conservatives, who argued that the unequal distribution of social benefits is a tool for solving the major tasks of society. Supporters of a radical approach, by contrast, sharply criticize the existing social order and believe that social inequality is a mechanism of exploitation of individuals and is associated with the struggle for scarce products and services. According to the functionalist theory of social inequality, stratification exists because it is useful to society. Davis and Moore argue that social stratification is not only universal but also necessary; therefore, no society can exist without stratification and classes. The system of stratification is required in order to fill all the statuses that form the social structure, and to give the individuals the motivations to perform duties associated with their position. In this regard the society must motivate people on two levels (Crompton 57-59): 1. It should encourage individuals to take various positions, since not all the duties associated with different statuses, are equally useful for the human body, equally important for social survival, and require equal abilities. If the social life was different, the position would make no difference, and the problem of social status would be considerably smaller; 2. When these positions are occupied, the company should awaken in people a desire to play the relevant role, because the duties associated with many posts are considered as painful and in the absence of motivation many would not manage to do their roles. These social realities have led to the view that society should have certain benefits that can be used as incentives for their members, and the mode of distribution of these benefits among different statuses. Inequality is the emotional stimulus that society has created in order to solve the problem of filling in all statuses and make their owners to do their best to fit the role. Since these benefits are built into the social system, social stratification may be considered a structural feature of all societies. On the basis of the economic model of supply and demand, Davis and Moore concluded that the highest paid positions are those occupied by the most talented or skilled workers, as well as functionally most important ones. Thus, separate individuals who hold high-paying jobs, should receive remuneration, otherwise the post will remain unclaimed, and society will disintegrate (Crompton 115-122). On the other hand, a person is born in a privileged or unprivileged position. For example, almost two-thirds of managers in 243 large U.S. companies have grown up in families of upper middle class or upper stratum of society. Basing on similar data, advocates of conflict theory claim that society is organized so that individualsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ rank is determined by birth and does not dependent on their abilities and characteristics of the society (Hurst 206-219). Advocates of the conflict theory believe that the stratification of society exists because it is profitable to individuals and groups with authority over others. While functionalists identify common interests of members of society, conflictologists focus on the differences of interests. From their point of view, the society is an arena where people are fighting for the privileges, prestige and power. The theory of conflict is based largely on the ideas of Karl Marx. He argued that to comprehend the mechanism of a particular economic system one must know what preceded this system, as well as the processes that contributed to its development. According to Marx, the level of technique and method of organization of production determines the evolution of society in general. At each stage of history, these factors determine the group, which will rule in society, and groups that it will obey. Possession of means of production is only one source of power. Another source is the possession of means of control over people. The role of bureaucracy in society (exclusive control of national income and national wealth) gives it a special privileged status (Crompton 87-94). Even in modern developed countries, individuals can flourish without property. Much of the power is provided by the position in large transnational corporations, rather than property. Employees do not merely possess a relatively small property, but their influence lasts only as long as they occupy a certain position. A very similar pattern is observed in the government. In this case, no class exists in isolation and independently of the other classes. Sociologists are divided on the sources of social stratification, but they are united in the fact that social inequality is a structural aspect of the modern life of the whole society. Speaking about the structuring of social inequality, social scientists mean not only the fact that individuals and social groups differ in the privileges they have, prestige they receive, and power they possess. Structuring means that inequality in the society is institutionalized as a system. Inequality is not formed at random, but in accordance with the repetitive, relatively consistent and stable models: it is usually passed down from generation to generation, for which the individuals and groups with the benefits usually find appropriate ways (Crompton 54-58). How do caste and class system differ? How are they the same? Why does industrialization introduce a measure of meritocracy into social stratification? Inequality exists in human societies of all types. Stratification can be defined as structured differences between groups of people; the society consists of layers located in a hierarchical order, where the privileged layers are closer to the top and the underprivileged ones are at the bottom. However, class and caste systems are different in their essence (Crompton 41-43). Caste system is primarily associated with the cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and is presented by four main classes (varnas), differing in the degree of social prestige. Below these four groups are the untouchables. There are also jatis in the caste system: local marginalized groups within which the division into castes takes place. The caste system is very complex, and its structure varies from region to region, but it shares some common principles. Brahmins, forming the highest Varna, represent the highest degree of purity, while the untouchables represent the lowest one. Brahmins should avoid certain contacts with the untouchables, while only the untouchables are allowed to have physical contact with objects or animals, which are considered unclean. The caste system is closely linked with the Hindu concept of reincarnation, under which people who neglect the rights and duties of their caste should be born in their next incarnation in a caste, which occupies a lower position. In the Indian caste system, an individual is not allowed to move from one caste to another during his life (Crompton 65-72). The concept of caste is sometimes used outside the context of Indian culture, e.g. in cases, when two or more ethnic groups are separated from each other, primarily for reasons of racial purity. In such circumstances, there are strict taboos (and sometimes legal prohibitions) on intergroup marriages. After the abolition of slavery in the southern states of the U.S., the level of disengagement of black and white population was so strong that the term caste is sometimes used for this system of stratification. There are also reasons to speak about the existence of caste system in South Africa, where rigid segregation remains between whites and blacks and where interracial marriages were until recently forbidden by law. The class system differs from the caste system in many aspects. Let us consider the four of these main features (Crompton 105-113). 1. Unlike other types of strata, classes do not depend on legal or religious orientation. The class membership is not associated with the congenital status, whatever it was determined by by law or custom. The class system is much more mobile than other stratification systems; the boundaries between classes are never clear-cut. Formal restrictions on marriages between people from different classes do not exist. 2. The class membership is achieved by the individual, at least partly, and is not simply given at birth, as in caste systems. Social mobility is distributed more widely, while in the caste system, an individual move from one caste to another is generally impossible. 3. Classes are related to differences in economic status groups, with inequality in the ownership of physical resources and control, whereas in caste systems, the leading role is played by non-economic factors (such as religion). 4. In caste stratification system, inequality manifests itself primarily in the personal relationships of people, in the difference between rights and responsibilities (Brahmin-Harijan). In contrast, class system is manifested mainly in the large-scale relations of impersonal nature. For example, the essential foundations for the class division are the differences in working conditions and payment, which relate to people of any category and, in turn, depend on the situation of the economy as a whole. Thus, classes can be defined as large-scale groups of people with similar material resources, which in turn determine the lifestyle they lead. Class differences primarily depend on the welfare of people and kind of occupation. In modern Western society, the following main classes exist: the upper class (rich people, businessmen, industrialists, and the upper stratum of managers who own or directly control the means of production), the middle class (which includes the majority of white collar workers and professionals) and the working class (à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"blue collarà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  workers, or people involved in physical labor) (Hurst 327-333). According to Weber, the division into classes is determined not only by the presence or absence of control over the means of production, but also by economic differences, not related directly to the property. These determining factors primarily include skills and expertise that affect the ability of the person to perform a job. People belonging to the categories of professionals and managers are also working for hire, but they earn more and have better working conditions than the workers. Qualification certificates, degrees, titles, diplomas and trainings place them in a more advantageous position in the labor market compared with those who do not have the relevant qualifications (Crompton 93-98). Thus, the concept of status in the meritocracy society is associated with varying degrees of social prestige of social groups. The distinctive features of the exact status can be changed independently of the class division. While the class affiliation is an objective feature, the status, in contrast, depends on subjective evaluations of social distinctions by individuals.